scholarly journals Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley Circulation: Evidence of Solar Influence?

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1583-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murry L. Salby ◽  
Patrick F. Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Hadley Circulation ◽  
Decadal Variation ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Decadal Modulation ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Cyclic Variations ◽  
Polar Stratosphere ◽  
Solar Influence ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

Abstract Recent evidence points to a decadal modulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), one that varies with the 11-yr cycle of UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere. Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley circulation is considered here through an analysis that accounts for cyclic variations in their relationship, which may cancel and, hence, be invisible in the long-term average. The analysis reveals coherent changes in the tropical stratosphere and troposphere. Involving periods shorter than 5 yr, their relationship manifests itself in major properties associated with the QBO and the Hadley circulation. Like the QBO’s relationship to the polar stratosphere, its relationship to the Hadley circulation reverses on the time scale of a decade. The systematic swing in their relationship leads to two important implications: 1) Interannual changes of one circulation operate coherently with changes of the other, reflecting their interaction. 2) At least one is influenced by a decadal variation. The latter is interpreted in light of the cyclic variation of ozone heating in the upper stratosphere, where the phase of the QBO is set.

scholarly journals Interaction between the Brewer–Dobson Circulation and the Hadley Circulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 4303-4316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murry L. Salby ◽  
Patrick F. Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Hadley Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Tropical Tropopause ◽  
Tropical Troposphere ◽  
Polar Stratosphere ◽  
The Arctic Oscillation ◽  
Biennial Variability ◽  
Organized Convection

Abstract Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation are studied in relation to coherent changes of the tropospheric circulation. Emerging over the winter pole is a clear signature of adiabatic warming and anomalous downwelling. Reflecting an intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, the signature of anomalous downwelling extends from stratospheric levels into the troposphere. Compensating for it at subpolar latitudes is a signature of adiabatic cooling and anomalous upwelling. Equally coherent, the signature of anomalous upwelling occupies the same levels as the signature of anomalous downwelling. Inside the tropical troposphere, anomalous cooling is replaced by anomalous warming. It reflects an intensification of organized convection and the Hadley circulation, one that accompanies the intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. These signatures of anomalous vertical motion represent changes that operate coherently in the stratosphere and troposphere. They share major features with the Arctic Oscillation. Extending across the tropopause, they couple the stratosphere and troposphere through a transfer of mass. By modifying vertical motion inside the Tropics, anomalous upwelling influences organized convection. Support for this interpretation comes from anomalous divergence in the tropical upper troposphere; it is shown to vary coherently with anomalous downwelling in the Arctic stratosphere. Exhibiting analogous behavior are changes of the tropical tropopause. Coupled to stratospheric changes, these variations of the tropical circulation act to organize convection about the equator, favoring a split ITCZ. They reflect as much as 40% of the interannual variance of tropical divergence, representing an important complement to ENSO. Much of the covariance between the polar stratosphere and the tropical troposphere is concentrated at periods shorter than 5 yr. Included is variability that is associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. Also included is biennial variability, which accompanies the QBO in the polar stratosphere. These stratospheric variations involve the same time scales as biennial variability in the tropical troposphere, which likewise influences convection.

scholarly journals Development of a climate record of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone from satellite remote sensing: evidence of an early recovery of global stratospheric ozone

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3169-3211
Author(s):  
J. R. Ziemke ◽  
S. Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Time Record ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

Abstract. Ozone data beginning October 2004 from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used to evaluate the accuracy of the Cloud Slicing technique in effort to develop long data records of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone and for studying their long-term changes. Using this technique, we have produced a 32-yr (1979–2010) long record of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone from the combined Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and OMI. The analyses of these time series suggest that the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is the dominant source of inter-annual variability of stratospheric ozone and is clearest in the Southern Hemisphere during the Aura time record with related inter-annual changes of 30–40 Dobson Units. Tropospheric ozone also indicates a QBO signal in the tropics with peak-to-peak changes varying from 2 to 7 DU. The stratospheric ozone record indicates a steady increase since the mid-1990's with current ozone levels comparable to the mid-1980's. This is earlier than predicted by many of the current climate models which suggest recovery to the mid-1980's levels by year 2020 or later.

scholarly journals Influence of cosmic weather on the Earth’s atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-207
Author(s):  
O. A. Troshichev ◽  
I. P. Gabis ◽  
A. A. Krivolutsky
Keyword(s):  
Polar Region ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Solar Uv Irradiance ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

The review generalizes experimental data on the relationships between the solar activity agents (space weather) and atmosphere constituents. It is shown that high-energy solar protons (SPE) make a powerful impact on photo-chemical processes in the polar areas and, correspondingly, on atmospheric circulation and planetary cloudiness. Variations of the solar UV irradiance modulate the descent rate of the zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere in the course of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and thus control the total duration (period) of the QBO cycle and, correspondingly, the seasonal ozone depletion in the Antarctic. The geo-effective solar wind impacts on the atmospheric wind system in the entire Southern Polar region, and influences the dynamics of the Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

scholarly journals Variability of the Indian Monsoon in the ECHAM3 Model: Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature, Soil Moisture, and the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1837-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Arpe ◽  
L. Dümenil ◽  
M. A. Giorgetta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Northern Indian Ocean ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

Abstract The variability of the monsoon is investigated using a set of 90-day forecasts [MONEG (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Monsoon Numerical Experimentation Group) experiments] and a set of AMIP-type (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) long-term simulations of the atmospheric circulation with the ECHAM3 model. The large-scale aspects of the summer monsoon circulation as represented by differences of dynamical quantities between the two extreme years 1987 and 1988 were reproduced well by the model in both kinds of experiments forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST). At the regional scale the difference of precipitation over India during summer 1987 and 1988 was well reproduced by the model in the 90-day forecasts using interannually varying SSTs; however, similarly good results were achieved in forecasts using climatological SSTs. The long-term simulations forced with interannually varying SST at the lower boundary of the atmosphere over a period of 14 years, on the other hand, only partly reproduce the observed differences of precipitation over India between 1987 and 1988. For the ensemble mean of five simulations averaged from June to September and for the whole of India an increase from 1987 to 1988 is simulated by the model as observed but with smaller values. The difference in observed precipitation between 1987 and 1988 is of opposite sign for May to that for September. The simulations and observations agree in the manifestation of this sense of opposing variability within a monsoon season for these two years and also for other years. The simulations and observations differ most during July. The paper concentrates on the question why the interannual variability in the long-term simulations on one hand and the 90-day forecasts and in the observations of precipitation on the other hand differ so strongly during the peak of the monsoon in July. Large-scale dynamics over India are mainly forced by the anomalies of Pacific SST. For the variability of precipitation over India other forcings than the Pacific SST are important as well. Due to enhanced evaporation, warmer SSTs over the northern Indian Ocean lead to increased precipitation over India. Changes in the SST there within the range of uncertainty (0.5 K) can lead to clear impacts. As a further boundary forcing, the impact of soil moisture is investigated. The use of realistic soil moisture differences between 1987 and 1988 in the MONEG forecasts resulted in improved skill of precipitation forecasts over India. Also the two individual AMIP simulations with realistic precipitation differences over India had more realistic soil moisture differences over east Asia in the beginning of the monsoon season between the two years than those experiments that failed to produce the correct precipitation differences. The years 1987 and 1988 were quite different with respect to the phase of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). As atmospheric circulation models cannot yet reproduce stratospheric QBOs realistically, their impact was tested by nudging observed QBOs into AMIP simulations for July 1987 and 1988. Seven out of eight experiments showed an impact toward a more realistic simulation of precipitation over India; however, during the west phase of the QBO (1987) impacts are very small. None of these forcings gave a dominant effect. If this finding is confirmed by further experimentation, improvements of practical long-range forecasts may be very difficult as two of these quantities are hardly known with the required accuracy (northern Indian Ocean SSTs and the Eurasian soil moisture) and because models are not yet able to simulate the stratospheric QBO realistically. This study confirms that El Niño has two direct effects: it reduces the precipitation over India and reduces the surface winds over the Arabian Sea. Due to the latter, the SST of the Arabian Sea can increase as there is less mixing and upwelling in the ocean. Here it is suggested that because of this increased SST there would be more precipitation over India, thus counteracting the expected decrease from the direct El Niño effect. Sensitivity experiments were carried out with the ECHAM3 model to substantiate this hypothesis. The results may be model-dependent and model deficiencies might influence sensitivities from boundary forcings adversely. Therefore observational data have been investigated as far as possible to seek independent confirmation of the findings obtained through the model simulations.

scholarly journals Response of tropical stratospheric O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> to the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and to temperature as seen from GOMOS/ENVISAT

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 9153-9171 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hauchecorne ◽  
J. L. Bertaux ◽  
F. Dalaudier ◽  
P. Keckhut ◽  
P. Lemennais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Stellar Occultation ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Dynamical Control ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

Abstract. The stellar occultation spectrometer GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) on ESA's Envisat satellite measures vertical profiles O3, NO2 and NO3 with a high long-term stability due to the self-calibrating nature of the technique. More than 6 years of GOMOS data from August 2002 to end 2008 have been analysed to study the inter-annual variation of O3, NO2 and NO3 in the tropics. It is shown that the QBO of the equatorial wind induces variations in the local concentration larger than 10% for O3 and larger than 25% for NO2. Quasi-Biennial Oscillation signals can be found in the evolution of the three constituents up to at least 45 km. We found that NO3 is positively correlated with temperature up to 40 km in the region where it is in chemical equilibrium with O3. Above 40 km, NO3 is no more in equilibrium during night and its concentration is correlated with both O3 and NO2. For O3 and NO2, our results confirm the existence of a transition from a dynamical control of O3 below 28 km with O3 correlated with NO2 and temperature and a chemical/temperature control between 28 and 38 km with O3 anti-correlated with NO2 and temperature. Above 38 km and up to 50 km a regime never described before is found with both O3 and NO2 anti-correlated with temperature. For the NO2/temperature anti-correlation, our proposed explanation is the modulation of the N2O ascent in the upper stratosphere by the QBO and the modulation of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. The oxidation of N2O is the main source of NOy in this altitude region. An enhancement of the ascending motion will cool adiabatically the atmosphere and will increase the amount of N2O concentration available for NOy formation.

scholarly journals Response of tropical stratospheric O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> to the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and to temperature as seen from GOMOS/ENVISAT

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 8873-8879 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hauchecorne ◽  
J. L. Bertaux ◽  
F. Dalaudier ◽  
P. Keckhut ◽  
P. Lemennais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Stellar Occultation ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Dynamical Control ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Biennial Oscillation

Abstract. The stellar occultation spectrometer GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) on ESA's Envisat satellite measures vertical profiles O3, NO2 and NO3 with a high long-term stability due to the self-calibrating nature of the technique. More than 6 years of GOMOS data from August 2002 to end 2008 have been analysed to study the inter-annual variation of O3, NO2 and NO3 in the tropics. It is shown that the QBO of the equatorial wind induces variations in the local concentration larger than 10% for O3 and larger than 25% for NO2. Quasi-Biennial Oscillation signals can be found in the evolution of the three constituents up to at least 40 km. We found that NO3 is positively correlated with temperature up to 45 km in the region where it is in chemical equilibrium with O3. Our results confirm the existence of a transition from a dynamical control of O3 below 28 km with O3 correlated with temperature and a chemical/temperature control between 28 and 38 km with O3 anti-correlated with NO2 and temperature. Above 38 km and up to 50 km a different regime is found with O3 and NO2 correlated with each other and anti-correlated with temperature. For the NO2/temperature anti-correlation in the upper stratosphere, our proposed explanation is the modulation of the N2O ascent by the QBO up to 45 km. The oxidation of N2O is the main source of NOy in this altitude region. An enhancement of the ascending motion will cool adiabatically the atmosphere and will increase the amount of N2O concentration available for NOy formation.

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