scholarly journals Guiding the Creation of A Comprehensive Surface Temperature Resource for Twenty-First-Century Climate Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. ES40-ES47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Thorne ◽  
Kate M. Willett ◽  
Rob J. Allan ◽  
Stephan Bojinski ◽  
John R. Christy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century

scholarly journals Projected Changes in the Seasonal Cycle of Surface Temperature

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 6359-6374 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Dwyer ◽  
Michela Biasutti ◽  
Adam H. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
First Century ◽  
Effective Heat Capacity ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract When forced with increasing greenhouse gases, global climate models project a delay in the phase and a reduction in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of surface temperature, expressed as later minimum and maximum annual temperatures and greater warming in winter than in summer. Most of the global mean changes come from the high latitudes, especially over the ocean. All 24 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 models agree on these changes and, over the twenty-first century, average a phase delay of 5 days and an amplitude decrease of 5% for the global mean ocean surface temperature. Evidence is provided that the changes are mainly driven by sea ice loss: as sea ice melts during the twenty-first century, the previously unexposed open ocean increases the effective heat capacity of the surface layer, slowing and damping the temperature response. From the tropics to the midlatitudes, changes in phase and amplitude are smaller and less spatially uniform than near the poles but are still prevalent in the models. These regions experience a small phase delay but an amplitude increase of the surface temperature cycle, a combination that is inconsistent with changes to the effective heat capacity of the system. The authors propose that changes in this region are controlled by changes in surface heat fluxes.

Liberal Order in the Twenty-First Century: Searching for Eunomia Once Again

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Amichai Magen
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Political Liberty ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Good Order ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Unique Potential

Adherents of economic and political liberty are again compelled to ask fundamental questions about the nature and prospects of good order (or Eunomia). This article: (1) offers a quaternary definition of the concept of “order;” (2) contends that Eunomia is essentially about the creation, adaptation, and protection of the conditions necessary for human beings to live lives that are free from fear so as to maximize each individual’s unique potential for human flourishing; and (3) outlines an evolutionary understanding of Eunomia, whereby contemporary liberal orders represent the cumulative outcome of three sets of elite-selected “wins” over illiberal ones. To survive and thrive in the twenty-first century liberalism must once again contest and defeat rival orders.

Absolute Capitalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Foster
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
The State ◽  
First Century ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Finance Capital ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Market Relations

Although neoliberalism is widely recognized as the central political-ideological project of twenty-first-century capitalism, it is a term that is seldom uttered by those in power. Behind this particular ruse lies a deeply disturbing, even hellish, reality. Neoliberalism can be defined as an integrated ruling-class political-ideological project, associated with the rise of monopoly-finance capital, the principal strategic aim of which is to embed the state in capitalist market relations. Hence, the state's traditional role in safeguarding social reproduction—if largely on capitalist-class terms—is now reduced solely to one of promoting capitalist reproduction. The goal is nothing less than the creation of an absolute capitalism. All of this serves to heighten the extreme human and ecological destructiveness that characterizes our time.

Mary and Modernity

2019 ◽  
pp. 530-545
Author(s):  
Charlene Spretnak
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Mechanistic Worldview ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Catholic Church

Because the Reformation was unfavourably disposed toward expressions of the cosmological, mystical, symbolic, and aesthetic dimensions of the Virgin Mary’s spiritual presence, and because secular versions of several concepts in the Reformation became central to emergent modernity, the work of modernizing the Catholic Church at Vatican II resulted in streamlining Mary’s presence and meaning in favour of a more literal, objective, and strictly text-based version, which is simultaneously more Protestant and more modern. In the decades since Vatican II, however, the modern, mechanistic worldview has been dislodged by discoveries in physics and biology indicating that physical reality, the Creation, is composed entirely of dynamic interrelatedness. This perception also informs the Incarnation, the Resurrection, Redemption, transubstantiation, and the full spiritual presence of Mary with its mystical and cosmological dimensions. Perhaps the rigid dividing lines at Vatican II will evolve into new possibilities in the twenty-first century regarding Mary and modernity.

Modern-World Archaeology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Orser
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World Archaeology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Historical Antecedents

Historical archaeology has grown exponentially since its inception. By the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, practitioners of the field had conducted research throughout the world in locales only imagined in the mid-twentieth century. The spread of historical archaeology in Europe, Asia, and Africa—and other places with long, rich documentary histories—has meant that two senses of ‘historical archaeology’ now exist. The creation of modern-world archaeology seeks to define an archaeology of the post-Columbian world as an archaeology explicitly engaged in investigating the historical antecedents of our present age. This chapter explains the rationale behind the creation of modern-world archaeology, outlines some of its central tenets, and provides a brief example of one subject of relevance to the field.

scholarly journals Lynching, Memory and Memorials

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Jerzy Sobieraj
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Memorial Sites

This article touches upon three important topics: lynching, memory, and memorialization-looked at from the perspective of the twenty-first century. As far as lynching is concerned, it focuses on a significant growth of interest in this painful historical, social, and political issue. In the context of lynching it discusses memory and the process of memorialization, sometimes seen as a relatively new trend, and the creation of memorial sites, such as the American lynching memorials in Duluth, Minnesota and Montgomery, Alabama.

scholarly journals Comment on "Tropospheric temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery in the 21st century" by Hu et al. (2011)

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2853-2861 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Previdi ◽  
L. M. Polvani
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
First Century ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Surface Temperature Change ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract. Stratospheric ozone recovery is expected to figure prominently in twenty-first century climate change. In a recent paper, Hu et al. (2011) argue that one impact of ozone recovery will be to enhance the warming of the surface-troposphere system produced by increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases; furthermore, this enhanced warming would be strongest in the Northern Hemisphere, which is surprising since previous studies have consistently shown the effects of stratospheric ozone changes to be most pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. Hu et al. (2011) base their claims largely on differences in the simulated temperature change between two groups of IPCC climate models, one group which included stratospheric ozone recovery in its twenty-first century simulations and a second group which did not. Both groups of models were forced with the same increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases according to the A1B emissions scenario. In the current work, we compare the surface temperature responses of the same two groups of models in a different experiment in which atmospheric CO2 was increased by 1% per year until doubling. We find remarkably similar differences in the simulated surface temperature change between the two sets of models as Hu et al. (2011) found for the A1B experiment, suggesting that the enhanced warming which they attribute to stratospheric ozone recovery is actually a reflection of different responses of the two model groups to greenhouse gas forcing.

From Exilic to Mobile Identities: Colum McCann's Let the Great World Spin and the Cosmopolitanization of Contemporary Ireland

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Zamorano Llena
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Structure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Irish Literature ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Material Reality ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Literature Of Migration

The theme of displacement and a view of exile that differs from traditional definitions of the concept and its associations with feelings of loss and nostalgia are a constant in Colum McCann's oeuvre. Images of flight and fleeing are recurrent in his work and underscore the centrality that mobility occupies in his fictional world, in which these flights are, not infrequently, a metaphorical act of escapism from material reality and physical conditioning. However, mobility in Let the Great World Spin is articulated as a characteristically twenty-first century phenomenon in its emphasis on how interconnectivity beyond differences, especially in the form of transnational exchanges, characterizes contemporary societies and shapes individual realities and identities. This essay contends that this transnational interconnectivity is not only foregrounded at the narrative level, thematically and in terms of narrative structure; McCann's tangentially framing of this novel within American post-9/11 fiction, while formally echoing an Irish literature of exile and thematically relating to an Irish literature of migration and fictions of the global, suggests the process in which new imaginative realities and identities are shaped from a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes the synergetic dialogue between national and transnational differences in the creation of a cosmopolitanized reality.

Reworking Race, Nation, and Diaspora on the Margins

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-230
Author(s):  
Jamella N. Gow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
First Century ◽  
Black Diaspora ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Open Borders ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century

At the turn of the twentieth century, terms like globalization, transnationalism, and diaspora heralded the increasing interconnectedness of cultures, nations, and politics. While such global networks continue to grow at a rapid rate, nationalist rhetoric and politics have also become more salient as some decry diversity, the threat of “open” borders, and the impacts of capitalist expansion under globalization. At a time when globalization has become a buzzword for the twenty-first century, how can there be both the proliferation of global cultures and increasing rhetoric of protectionist nationalism? I explore how and why diaspora has become salient particularly in an age where nations have been challenged and transformed under globalized capitalism. First, I trace the rise of hegemonic nationalism, its use in legitimizing racial and gendered differences under colonialism, and how its consequent displacements and marginalization led, for some, to claims of diaspora. I then suggest that the racialized Black migrant diaspora may serve as an example of how race and nationalism inform the creation of diaspora and how resistance can emerge across shared experiences of exclusion on this basis. I argue that diaspora has reemerged as one response to the politics of hypernationalism which has again sought to consolidate capital and wealth in an era of global capitalism. I conclude that Black diaspora may become a means for challenging nationalism through the dismantlement of its racial origins.

Tearing the World Apart

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Bob Dylan ◽  
Cotton Mather ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century

Bob Dylan is many things to many people. Folk prodigy. Rock poet. Quiet gentleman. Dionysian impresario. Cotton Mather. Stage hog. Each of these Dylan creations comes with its own accessories, including a costume, a hairstyle, a voice, a lyrical register, a metaphysics, an audience, and a library of commentary. Each Bob Dylan joins a collective cast that has made up his persona for over fifty years. No version of Dylan turns out uncomplicated, but the postmillennial manifestation seems peculiarly contrary—a tireless and enterprising antiquarian; a creator of singular texts and sounds through promiscuous poaching; an artist of innovation and uncanny renewal. This is a Dylan of persistent surrender from an engagement with a world he perceives as broken and enduring, addressing us from a past that is lost and yet forever present. This book participates in the creation of the postmillennial Bob Dylan by exploring three central records of the twenty-first century along with the 2003 film Masked and Anonymous, which Dylan helped write and in which he appears as an actor and musical performer. The book does justice to this difficult Bob Dylan by examining his method and effects through a disparate set of viewpoints. Readers will find a variety of critical contexts and cultural perspectives as well as a range of experiences as members of Dylan's audience.

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