scholarly journals Trends in Extreme Temperatures in Relation to Urbanization in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouraseni Sen Roy ◽  
Fei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Twin Cities ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Abstract The long-term trends in extreme summer season temperatures across the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) associated with urbanization are examined. To assess trends in extreme temperature data, maximum and minimum temperatures from 1975 to 2002 were assembled for seven stations located in both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, urbanization since 1975 was assessed by estimating the percentage of impervious surfaces from Landsat images acquired for various years. The results of this study indicated a greater rate of increase in overall minimum temperatures, resulting in a slightly declining trend in diurnal temperature range for all of the stations. In the case of extreme temperatures, most of the peripheral urban and rural stations experienced negative trends in extreme maximum temperatures, accompanied by positive trends in extreme minimum temperatures. This was also validated by the simultaneous increase in the percentage of impervious surfaces in those locations. The greatest changes were observed for Stillwater, which is located relatively close to the heart of the TCMA but has undergone a faster rate of urbanization.

scholarly journals Mapping and Characterizing Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Impervious Surfaces Using Landsat Images: A Case Study of Xuzhou, East China from 1995 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Li ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Longqian Chen ◽  
Xisheng Zhou ◽  
Yifan Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
East China ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Surface Expansion ◽  
Spectral Mixture

As an effective indicator of urbanization, impervious surfaces play a significant role in urban planning and ecological protection. It is, therefore, important to characterize impervious surfaces in urban geographical studies. As a key city in East China, Xuzhou has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades and is now becoming an environmentally friendly city. To better understand the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of Xuzhou’s urban development, we extracted its impervious surfaces from Landsat images of 1995, 2003, 2010, and 2018 by a linear spectral mixture analysis. Then, a range of complementary methods including landscape indices, profile lines, median centers, standard deviational ellipses, and spatial autocorrelation were adopted to analyze the landscape pattern and expansion of impervious surfaces on both city and district scales. Results show that (1) there was a constant impervious surface expansion, originating in downtown Xuzhou; (2) promoting ecological protection in urban areas fragmented impervious surfaces with increasing heterogeneity and diversity overall; and (3) expansion directions and rates of impervious surfaces varied with district and town, and the central urban area expanded towards east and southeast, which could be related to their own resources and governmental policies. Findings from this study provide useful insights into urban planning of this economically prospective region.

scholarly journals Expansion of Impervious Surfaces and Their Driving Forces in Highly Urbanized Cities in Kyrgyzstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulkaiyr Omurakunova ◽  
Anming Bao ◽  
Wenqiang Xu ◽  
Eldiiar Duulatov ◽  
Liangliang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Landsat Images

The expansion of urban areas due to population increase and economic expansion creates demand and depletes natural resources, thereby causing land use changes in the main cities. This study focuses on land cover datasets to characterize impervious surface (urban area) expansion in select cities from 1993 to 2017, using supervised classification maximum likelihood techniques and by quantifying impervious surfaces. The results indicate an increasing trend in the impervious surface area by 35% in Bishkek, 75% in Osh, and 15% in Jalal-Abad. The overall accuracy (OA) for the image classification of two different datasets for the three cities was between 82% and 93%, and the kappa coefficients (KCs) were approximately 77% and 91%. The Landsat images with other supplementary data showed positive urban growth in all of the cities. The GDP, industrial growth, and urban population growth were driving factors of impervious surface sprawl in these cities from 1993 to 2017.Landscape Expansion Index (LEI) results also provided good evidence for the change of impervious surfaces during the study period. The results emphasize the idea of applying future planning and sustainable urban development procedures for sustainable use of natural resources and their management, which will increase life quality in urban areas and environments.

scholarly journals Assessing heat exposure to extreme temperatures in urban areas using the Local Climate Zones classification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Gilabert ◽  
Anna Deluca ◽  
Dirk Lauwaet ◽  
Joan Ballester ◽  
Jordi Corbera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Local Climate Zones ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract. Trends of extreme temperature episodes in cities are increasing (in frequency, magnitude and duration) due to regional climate change in interaction with the urban effects. Urban morphologies and thermal properties of the materials used to build them are factors that influence the spatial and temporal climate variability and becomes one of the main reasons for the climatic singularity of cities. This paper presents a proposal to evaluate the urban and peri-urban effect on extreme temperatures exposure in Barcelona (Spain), using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework as a base statement, that allows the comparison with other cities of the world characterized using this criterion. LCZs were introduced as input of the high resolution UrbClim model (100 m spatial resolution) to create the daily temperatures (median and maximum) series for summer (JJA) during the period 1987 to 2016, pixel by pixel, in order to create a cartography of extremes. Using the relationship between mortality due to high temperatures and the temperature distribution, the heat exposure of each LCZ was obtained. Methodological results of the paper show the improvement obtained when LCZs were mapped through a combination of two techniques (from Land Cover/Land Use maps and from WUDAPT method), as well as proposes a methodology to obtain the exposure to high temperatures of different LCZs on urban and peri-urban areas. In the case of Barcelona, the distribution of temperatures for the 90th percentile (about 3–4 °C compared to average conditions) leads to an increase in the relative risk of mortality of 80 %.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Dealing with hot rocky environments: Critical thermal maxima and locomotor performance in Leptodactylus lithonaetes (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Environmental temperature has fitness consequences on ectotherm development, ecology and behaviour. Amphibians are especially vulnerable because thermoregulation often trades with appropriate water balance. Although substantial research has evaluated the effect of temperature in amphibian locomotion and physiological limits, there is little information about amphibians living under extreme temperature conditions. Leptodactylus lithonaetes is a frog allegedly specialised to forage and breed on dark granitic outcrops and associated puddles, which reach environmental temperatures well above 40 ˚C. Adults can select thermally favourable microhabitats during the day while tadpoles are constrained to rock puddles and associated temperature fluctuations; we thus established microhabitat temperatures and tested whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of L. lithonaetes is higher in tadpoles compared to adults. In addition, we evaluated the effect of water temperature on locomotor performance of tadpoles. Contrary to our expectations, puddle temperatures were comparable and even lower than those temperatures measured in the microhabitats used by adults in the daytime. Nonetheless, the CTmax was 42.3 ˚C for tadpoles and 39.7 ˚C for adults. Regarding locomotor performance, maximum speed and maximum distance travelled by tadpoles peaked around 34 ˚C, approximately 1 ˚C below the maximum puddle temperatures registered in the puddles. In conclusion, L. lithonaetes tadpoles have a higher CTmax compared to adults, suggesting a longer exposure to extreme temperatures that lead to maintain their physiological performance at high temperatures. We suggest that these conditions are adaptations to face the strong selection forces driven by this granitic habitat.

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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