scholarly journals A Modification to the NOAH LSM to Simulate Heat Mitigation Strategies in the New York City Metropolitan Area

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry H. Lynn ◽  
Toby N. Carlson ◽  
Cynthia Rosenzweig ◽  
Richard Goldberg ◽  
Leonard Druyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
York City ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Local Exchange ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Roughness Lengths

Abstract A new approach to simulating the urban environment with a mesocale model has been developed to identify efficient strategies for mitigating increases in surface air temperatures associated with the urban heat island (UHI). A key step in this process is to define a “global” roughness for the cityscape and to use this roughness to diagnose 10-m temperature, moisture, and winds within an atmospheric model. This information is used to calculate local exchange coefficients for different city surface types (each with their own “local roughness” lengths); each surface’s energy balances, including surface air temperatures, humidity, and wind, are then readily obtained. The model was run for several summer days in 2001 for the New York City five-county area. The most effective strategy to reduce the surface radiometric and 2-m surface air temperatures was to increase the albedo of the city (impervious) surfaces. However, this caused increased thermal stress at street level, especially noontime thermal stress. As an alternative, the planting of trees reduced the UHI’s adverse effects of high temperatures and also reduced noontime thermal stress on city residents (and would also have reduced cooling energy requirements of small structures). Taking these results together, the analysis suggests that the best mitigation strategy is planting trees at street level and increasing the reflectivity of roofs.

Hidden in the Light: Occupational Norms among Crack-Using Street-Level Sex Workers

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Maher
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
York City ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Crack Users

This article explores the “hypersexuality” hypothesis and, in particular, the phenomenon of sex-for-crack exchanges, by drawing on recent ethnographic research with women crack users engaged in street-level sex work in New York City. Viewing sex work as work, the study identifies the existence of a hitherto hidden set of occupational norms which cohere around the concept of discrimination as a central organizing principle in street-level prostitution. The article describes the ways in which established norms in relation to price, sex acts, clients, and bartering practices govern commercial sex transactions at the street level and examines their effects in regulating both individual and collective conduct. The analysis draws attention to the deficits of previous research and, specifically, the absence of context and the lack of attention to shared cultural practices and occupational norms which have made possible the erasure of agency from representations of these women's lives.

Excess Deaths in Mexico City and New York City During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e4
Author(s):  
Martín Lajous ◽  
Rodrigo Huerta-Gutiérrez ◽  
Joseph Kennedy ◽  
Donald R. Olson ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
York City ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Excess Deaths

Objectives. To estimate all-cause excess deaths in Mexico City (MXC) and New York City (NYC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We estimated expected deaths among residents of both cities between March 1 and August 29, 2020, using log-linked negative binomial regression and compared these deaths with observed deaths during the same period. We calculated total and age-specific excess deaths and 95% prediction intervals (PIs). Results. There were 259 excess deaths per 100 000 (95% PI = 249, 269) in MXC and 311 (95% PI = 305, 318) in NYC during the study period. The number of excess deaths among individuals 25 to 44 years old was much higher in MXC (77 per 100 000; 95% PI = 69, 80) than in NYC (34 per 100 000; 95% PI = 30, 38). Corresponding estimates among adults 65 years or older were 1263 (95% PI = 1199, 1317) per 100 000 in MXC and 1581 (95% PI = 1549, 1621) per 100 000 in NYC. Conclusions. Overall, excess mortality was higher in NYC than in MXC; however, the excess mortality rate among young adults was higher in MXC. Public Health Implications. Excess all-cause mortality comparisons across populations and age groups may represent a more complete measure of pandemic effects and provide information on mitigation strategies and susceptibility factors. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 9, 2021: e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306430 )

scholarly journals Predict new cases of the Coronavirus 19; in Michigan, U.S.A. or other countries using Crow-AMSAA Method (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
York City ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Summary Table ◽  
The Government

BACKGROUND Statistical predictions are useful to predict events based on statistical models. The data is useful to determine outcomes based on inputs and calculations. The Crow-AMSAA method will be explored to predict new cases of Coronavirus 19 (COVID19). This method is currently used within engineering reliability design to predict failures and evaluate the reliability growth. The author intents to use this model to predict the COVID19 cases by using daily reported data from Michigan, New York City, U.S.A and other countries. The piece wise Crow-AMSAA (CA) model fits the data very well for the infected cases and deaths at different phases during the start of the COVID19 outbreak. The slope β of the Crow-AMSAA line indicates the speed of the transmission or death rate. The traditional epidemiological model is based on the exponential distribution, but the Crow-AMSAA is the Non Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) which can be used to modeling the complex problem like COVID19, especially when the various mitigation strategies such as social distance, isolation and locking down were implemented by the government at different places. OBJECTIVE This paper is to use piece wise Crow-AMSAA method to fit the COVID19 confirmed cases in Michigan, New York City, U.S.A and other countries. METHODS piece wise Crow-AMSAA method to fit the COVID19 confirmed cases RESULTS From the Crow-AMSAA analysis above, at the beginning of the COVID 19, the infectious cases did not follow the Crow-AMSAA prediction line, but during the outbreak start, the confirmed cases does follow the CA line, the slope β value indicates the pace of the transmission rate or death rate in each case. The piece wise Crow-AMSAA describes the different phases of spreading. This indicates the speed of the transmission rate could change according to the government interference, social distance order or other factors. Comparing the piece wise CA β slopes (β: 1.683-- 0.834--0.092) in China and in U.S.A (β:5.138--10.48--5.259), the speed of infectious rate in U.S.A is much higher than the infectious rate in China. From the piece wise CA plots and summary table 1 of the CA slope βs, the COVID19 spreading has the different behavior at different places and countries where the government implemented the different policy to slow down the spreading. CONCLUSIONS From the analysis of data and conclusions from confirmed cases and deaths of COVID 19 in Michigan, New York city, U.S.A, China and other countries, the piece wise Crow-AMSAA method can be used to modeling the spreading of COVID19.

Street level versus rooftop sampling: Carbon monoxide and aerosol in New York city

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2489-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sene E Bauman ◽  
Evan T Williams ◽  
Harmon L Finston ◽  
Edward F Ferrand ◽  
John Sontowski
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Level Versus

scholarly journals How the Rockefeller Laws Hit the Streets: Drug Policing and the Politics of State Competence in New York City, 1973–1989

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mason B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Street Crime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Drug Laws ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Street Level ◽  
History Of

Recent studies have shown that the punitive drug laws enacted in the mid-1970s led to a sharp increase in incarceration only in the mid-1980s, when city police departments started policing street-level drug markets much more intensively. The case study of New York City in the wake of the Rockefeller Drug Laws of 1973 presents an explanation. Only when new policing ideas, popular dissatisfaction with street crime, and the revival of the city's fiscal capacity coalesced as part of a larger project to rebuild urban governance in the aftermath of the fiscal crisis of the 1970s did New York turn toward street-level drug enforcement. An examination of the political history of street-level drug enforcement offers a better understanding of the history of New York's war on drugs, as well as a new chronology of the political dynamics of state rebuilding in the 1980s.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analyses of Interventions to Epidemics using a Continuously Updated Model, with Application to the COVID-19 Crisis in New York City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Osborn ◽  
Shayna Berman ◽  
Sara Bender-Bier ◽  
Gavin D’Souza ◽  
Matthew Myers
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Spread Function ◽  
Turn Around Time ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRetrospective analyses of interventions to epidemics, in which the effectiveness of strategies implemented are compared to hypothetical alternatives, are valuable for performing the cost-benefit calculations necessary to optimize infection countermeasures. SIR (susceptible-infected-removed) models are useful in this regard but are limited by the challenge of deciding how and when to update the numerous parameters as the epidemic progresses. We present a method that uses a “dynamic spread function” to systematically capture the continuous variation in the population behavior throughout an epidemic. There is no need to update parameters as the effects of interventions are gradually manifested in the infection dynamics. We use the tool to quantify the reduction in infection rate realizable from the population of New York City adopting different facemask strategies during COVID-19. Assuming a baseline facemask of 67% filtration efficiency, calculations show that increasing the efficiency to 75% could reduced the roughly 5000 new infections per day occurring at the peak of the epidemic by about 40%. The turn-around time for the epidemic decreases from around 37 days to 31 days. Mitigation strategies that may not be varied as part of the retrospective analysis, such as social distancing, are automatically captured as part of the calibration of the dynamic spread function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document