scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM IN BODY FLUIDS BY THE GLASS ELECTRODE*

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Moore ◽  
Donald W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluids ◽  
Glass Electrode

Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kacper Woźniak ◽  
Marek Wiergowski ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik ◽  
Marek Biziuk
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Glucuronide ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Analytical Toxicology ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Toxicological Analysis

Background:Ethyl alcohol is the most popular legal drug, but its excessive consumption causes social problems. Despite many public campaigns against alcohol use, car accidents, instances of aggressive behaviour, sexual assaults and deterioration in labor productivity caused by inebriated people is still commonplace. Fast and easy diagnosis of alcohol consumption is required in order to introduce proper and effective therapy, and is crucial in forensic toxicology analysis. The easiest method to prove alcohol intake is determination of ethanol in body fluids or in breath. However, since ethanol is rapidly metabolized in the human organism, only recent consumption can be detected using this method. Because of that, the determination of alcohol biomarkers was introduced for monitoring alcohol consumption over a wider range of time.Objective:The objective of this study was to review published studies focusing on the sample preparation methods and chromatographic or biochemical techniques for the determination of alcohol biomarkers in whole blood, plasma, serum and urine.Methods:An electronic literature search was performed to discuss possibilities and limitations of application of alcohol biomarkers in toxicological analysis.Results:Authors described the markers of alcohol consumption such as: ethanol, its nonoxidative metabolites (ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanol, ethyl phosphate, fatty acid ethyl esters) and oxidative metabolites (acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde adducts). We also discussed issues concerning the detection window of these biomarkers, and possibilities and limitations of their use in routine analytical toxicology for monitoring alcohol consumption or sobriety during alcohol therapy.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Reverse Iontophoretic Determination of Blood Glucose in an Artificial Skin Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-737
Author(s):  
Cigdem Yengin ◽  
Emrah Kilinc ◽  
Fatma Gulay Der ◽  
Mehmet Can Sezgin ◽  
Ilayda Alcin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Artificial Skin ◽  
Dialysis Membrane ◽  
Skin Model ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Electrode Distance ◽  
Experimental Parameters

Background: Reverse İontophoresis (RI) is one of the promising non-invasive technologies. It relies on the transition of low magnitude current through the skin and thus glucose measurement becomes possible as it is extracted from the surface during this porter current flow. Objective: This paper deals with the development and optimization of an RI determination method for glucose. CE dialysis membrane based artificial skin model was developed and the dependence of RI extraction on various experimental parameters was investigated. Method: Dependence of RI extraction performance on noble electrodes (platinum, silver, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium) was checked with CA, CV and DPV, in a wide pH and ionic strength range. Optimizations on inter-electrode distance, potential type and magnitude, extraction time, gel type, membrane MWCO, usage frequency, pretreatment, artificial body fluids were performed. Results: According to the optimized results, the inter-electrode distance was 7.0 mm and silver was the optimum noble metal. Optimum pH and ionic strength were achieved with 0.05M PBS at pH 7.4. Higher glucose yields were obtained with DPV, while CA and CV achieved almost the same levels. During CA, +0.5V achieved the highest glucose yield and higher potential even caused a decrease. Glucose levels could be monitored for 24 hours. CMC gel was the optimum collection media. Pretreated CE membrane with 12kD MWCO was the artificial skin model. Pretreatment affected the yields while its condition caused no significant difference. Except PBS solution (simulated as artificial plasma), among the various artificial simulated body fluids, intestinal juice formulation (AI) and urine formulation U2 were the optimum extraction media, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, various experimental parameters (pretereatment procedure, type and MWCO values of membranes, inter-electrode distance, electrode material, extraction medium solvents, ionic strength and pH, collection medium gel type, extraction potential type and magnitude, extraction time and etc) were optimized for the non-invasive RI determination of glucose in a CE dialysis membrane-based artificial skin model and various simulated artificial body fluids.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF BODY FLUIDS BY POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

1942 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
H.K. Beecher ◽  
R. Follansbee ◽  
A.J. Murphy ◽  
F.N. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Polarographic Analysis

scholarly journals The Determination of Gastric Acidity by the Glass Electrode

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Moore ◽  
Robert W. Scarlata
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Acidity ◽  
Glass Electrode

scholarly journals Semi-Automated Determination of Heavy Metals in Autopsy Tissue Using Robot-Assisted Sample Preparation and ICP-MS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3820
Author(s):  
Heidi Fleischer ◽  
Christoph Lutter ◽  
Andreas Büttner ◽  
Wolfram Mittelmeier ◽  
Kerstin Thurow
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Multiple Materials

The endoprosthetic care of hip and knee joints introduces multiple materials into the human body. Metal containing implant surfaces release degradation products such as particulate wear and corrosion debris, metal-protein complexes, free metallic ions, inorganic metal salts or oxides. Depending on the material composition of the prostheses, a systemic exposure occurs and may result in increasing metal concentrations in body fluids and tissues especially in the case of malfunctions of the arthroplasty components. High concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni, Ti and Al affect multiple organs such as thyroid, heart, lung and cranial nerves and may lead to metallosis, intoxications, poly-neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy and the formation of localized pseudo tumors. The determination of the concentration of metals in body fluids and tissues can be used for predicting failure of hip or knee replacements to prevent subsequent severe intoxications. A semi-automated robot-assisted measurement system is presented for the determination of heavy metals in human tissue samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The manual and automated measurement processes were similarly validated using certified reference material and the results are compared and discussed. The automation system was successfully applied in the determination of heavy metals in human tissue; the first results are presented.

Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Determination of Trimethoprim in Body Fluids

Chemotherapy ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Schwartz ◽  
B.A. Koechlin ◽  
R.E. Weinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluids ◽  
Spectrofluorimetric Method
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