scholarly journals Individual Differences in Foveal Shape: Feasibility of Individual Maps Between Structure and Function Within the Macular Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 4772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Sepulveda ◽  
Andrew Turpin ◽  
Allison M. McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Individual Differences Among Users

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Keehner ◽  
Peter Khooshabeh ◽  
Mary Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interactive Visualizations ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Sophisticated User ◽  
And Function

This chapter examines human factors associated with using interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualizations. Virtual representations of anatomical structure and function, often with sophisticated user control capabilities, are growing in popularity in medicine for education, training, and simulation. This chapter reviews the cognitive science literature and introduces issues such as theoretical ideas related to using interactive visualizations, different types and levels of interactivity, effects of different kinds of control interfaces, and potential cognitive benefits of these tools. The authors raise the question of whether all individuals are equally capable of using 3D visualizations effectively, focusing particularly on two variables: (1) individual differences in spatial abilities, and (2) individual differences in interactive behavior. The chapter draws together findings from the authors’ own studies and from the wider literature, exploring recent insights into how individual differences among users can impact the effectiveness of different types of external visualizations for different kinds of tasks. The chapter offers recommendations for design, such as providing transparent affordances to support users’ meta-cognitive understanding, and employing personalization to complement the capabilities of different individuals. Finally, the authors suggest future directions and approaches for research, including the use of methodology such as needs analysis and contextual enquiry to better understand the cognitive processes and capacities of different kinds of users.

scholarly journals Blue-Throated Hummingbird Song: A Pinnacle of Nonoscine Vocalizations

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Sigler Ficken ◽  
Kathryn M. Rusch ◽  
Sandra J. Taylor ◽  
Donald R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vocal Complexity

Abstract Little is known about the structure and function of hummingbird vocalizations. We studied the vocalizations of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) at two sites in southeastern Arizona. Songs were produced by males and females. Male songs consisted of arrays of notes organized in clusters of “song units.” Within sites, all males shared the same song units. Individual differences occurred in some temporal aspects of song, and slight but consistent differences in note structure occurred between the two sites. The organization of units within songs was marked by rigid syntax, and long songs were produced by agglutination of units. Male songs may function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction. Female songs were very different acoustically from those of males and typically were given when females were within a few centimeters of a male. In these situations, the female's song often overlapped temporally with the male's song. Of the hummingbird species studied so far, the Blue-throated Hummingbird has the most complex songs and is the only known species with complex female songs. Blue-throated Hummingbirds show convergence with oscines in vocal complexity, song organization, song function, and possible learning of some song elements.

scholarly journals Striatal structure and function predict individual biases in learning to avoid pain

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4812-4817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Eldar ◽  
Tobias U. Hauser ◽  
Peter Dayan ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Outcome Prediction ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Learning Biases ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pain Prediction

Pain is an elemental inducer of avoidance. Here, we demonstrate that people differ in how they learn to avoid pain, with some individuals refraining from actions that resulted in painful outcomes, whereas others favor actions that helped prevent pain. These individual biases were best explained by differences in learning from outcome prediction errors and were associated with distinct forms of striatal responses to painful outcomes. Specifically, striatal responses to pain were modulated in a manner consistent with an aversive prediction error in individuals who learned predominantly from pain, whereas in individuals who learned predominantly from success in preventing pain, modulation was consistent with an appetitive prediction error. In contrast, striatal responses to success in preventing pain were consistent with an appetitive prediction error in both groups. Furthermore, variation in striatal structure, encompassing the region where pain prediction errors were expressed, predicted participants’ predominant mode of learning, suggesting the observed learning biases may reflect stable individual traits. These results reveal functional and structural neural components underlying individual differences in avoidance learning, which may be important contributors to psychiatric disorders involving pathological harm avoidance behavior.

scholarly journals Individual differences as a window into the structure and function of the visual system

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Bosten ◽  
John D. Mollon ◽  
David H. Peterzell ◽  
Michael A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Feel the Noise: Relating Individual Differences in Auditory Imagery to the Structure and Function of Sensorimotor Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 4638-4650 ◽  
Author(s):  
César F. Lima ◽  
Nadine Lavan ◽  
Samuel Evans ◽  
Zarinah Agnew ◽  
Andrea R. Halpern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
And Function

Integrating Structure and Function in Conceptualizing and Assessing Pathological Traits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan G.C. Wright ◽  
Aleksandra Kaurin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Integrate Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ (5th Edition) Alternative Model of Personality Disorders includes a dimensional trait model to describe individual differences in the manifestation of personality pathology. Empirically derived quantitative trait models of psychopathology address many of the structural problems of classical diagnostic schemes (e.g., non-binary distributions, excessive comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity). However, they are largely based on the structure of individual differences in the manifestation of psychopathology. In contrast, clinical theories of personality disorder, which are the foundation of intervention efforts, are based on the function of maladaptive behavior. This distinction is akin to the difference between morphology and physiology in the broader biological sciences. A structure-function divide in the focus of empirical and clinical work contributes to a lack of integration and difficulties with translation. Here we discuss this tension and argue for the need bridge this divide and adopt research efforts that integrate structure and function of personality traits. Specifically, we suggest that between-person structure identifies the principal domains of functioning, but to understand dysfunction personality must be conceptualized and studied as an ensemble of contextualized dynamic processes.

scholarly journals Individual differences in associative memory among older adults explained by hippocampal subfield structure and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (45) ◽  
pp. 12075-12080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie A. Carr ◽  
Jeffrey D. Bernstein ◽  
Serra E. Favila ◽  
Brian K. Rutt ◽  
Geoffrey A. Kerchner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

The Caring Continuum: Evolved Hormonal and Proximal Mechanisms Explain Prosocial and Antisocial Extremes

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Fundamental Nature ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Continuum

Implicit in the long-standing disagreements about whether humans’ fundamental nature is predominantly caring or callous is an assumption of uniformity. This article reviews evidence that instead supports inherent variation in caring motivation and behavior. The continuum between prosocial and antisocial extremes reflects variation in the structure and function of neurohormonal systems originally adapted to motivate parental care and since repurposed to support generalized forms of care. Extreme social behaviors such as extraordinary acts of altruism and aggression can often be best understood as reflecting variation in the neural systems that support care. A review of comparative, developmental, and neurobiological research finds consistent evidence that variations in caring motivations and behavior reflect individual differences in sensitivity to cues that signal vulnerability and distress and in the tendency to generalize care outward from socially close to distant others. The often complex relationships between caring motivation and various forms of altruism and aggression are discussed.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document