scholarly journals Striatal structure and function predict individual biases in learning to avoid pain

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4812-4817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Eldar ◽  
Tobias U. Hauser ◽  
Peter Dayan ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Outcome Prediction ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Learning Biases ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pain Prediction

Pain is an elemental inducer of avoidance. Here, we demonstrate that people differ in how they learn to avoid pain, with some individuals refraining from actions that resulted in painful outcomes, whereas others favor actions that helped prevent pain. These individual biases were best explained by differences in learning from outcome prediction errors and were associated with distinct forms of striatal responses to painful outcomes. Specifically, striatal responses to pain were modulated in a manner consistent with an aversive prediction error in individuals who learned predominantly from pain, whereas in individuals who learned predominantly from success in preventing pain, modulation was consistent with an appetitive prediction error. In contrast, striatal responses to success in preventing pain were consistent with an appetitive prediction error in both groups. Furthermore, variation in striatal structure, encompassing the region where pain prediction errors were expressed, predicted participants’ predominant mode of learning, suggesting the observed learning biases may reflect stable individual traits. These results reveal functional and structural neural components underlying individual differences in avoidance learning, which may be important contributors to psychiatric disorders involving pathological harm avoidance behavior.

Individual Differences Among Users

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Keehner ◽  
Peter Khooshabeh ◽  
Mary Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Interactive Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interactive Visualizations ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Sophisticated User ◽  
And Function

This chapter examines human factors associated with using interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualizations. Virtual representations of anatomical structure and function, often with sophisticated user control capabilities, are growing in popularity in medicine for education, training, and simulation. This chapter reviews the cognitive science literature and introduces issues such as theoretical ideas related to using interactive visualizations, different types and levels of interactivity, effects of different kinds of control interfaces, and potential cognitive benefits of these tools. The authors raise the question of whether all individuals are equally capable of using 3D visualizations effectively, focusing particularly on two variables: (1) individual differences in spatial abilities, and (2) individual differences in interactive behavior. The chapter draws together findings from the authors’ own studies and from the wider literature, exploring recent insights into how individual differences among users can impact the effectiveness of different types of external visualizations for different kinds of tasks. The chapter offers recommendations for design, such as providing transparent affordances to support users’ meta-cognitive understanding, and employing personalization to complement the capabilities of different individuals. Finally, the authors suggest future directions and approaches for research, including the use of methodology such as needs analysis and contextual enquiry to better understand the cognitive processes and capacities of different kinds of users.

scholarly journals Blue-Throated Hummingbird Song: A Pinnacle of Nonoscine Vocalizations

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Sigler Ficken ◽  
Kathryn M. Rusch ◽  
Sandra J. Taylor ◽  
Donald R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vocal Complexity

Abstract Little is known about the structure and function of hummingbird vocalizations. We studied the vocalizations of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) at two sites in southeastern Arizona. Songs were produced by males and females. Male songs consisted of arrays of notes organized in clusters of “song units.” Within sites, all males shared the same song units. Individual differences occurred in some temporal aspects of song, and slight but consistent differences in note structure occurred between the two sites. The organization of units within songs was marked by rigid syntax, and long songs were produced by agglutination of units. Male songs may function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction. Female songs were very different acoustically from those of males and typically were given when females were within a few centimeters of a male. In these situations, the female's song often overlapped temporally with the male's song. Of the hummingbird species studied so far, the Blue-throated Hummingbird has the most complex songs and is the only known species with complex female songs. Blue-throated Hummingbirds show convergence with oscines in vocal complexity, song organization, song function, and possible learning of some song elements.

scholarly journals Individual differences as a window into the structure and function of the visual system

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Bosten ◽  
John D. Mollon ◽  
David H. Peterzell ◽  
Michael A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Adaptive coding of pain prediction error in the anterior insula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hoskin ◽  
Deborah Talmi
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Axiomatic Approach ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Adaptive Coding ◽  
Pain Prediction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

Background: To reduce the computational demands of the task of determining values, the brain is thought to engage in adaptive coding, where the sensitivity of some neurons to value is modulated by contextual information. There is good behavioural evidence that pain is coded adaptively, but controversy regarding the underlying neural mechanism. Additionally, there is evidence that reward prediction errors are coded adaptively, but no parallel evidence regarding pain prediction errors. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that pain prediction errors are coded adaptively by scanning 19 healthy adults with fMRI while they performed a cued pain task. Our analysis followed an axiomatic approach. Results: We found that the left anterior insula was the only region which was sensitive both to predicted pain magnitudes and the unexpectedness of pain delivery, but not to the magnitude of delivered pain. Conclusions: This pattern suggests that the left anterior insula is part of a neural mechanism that serves the adaptive prediction error of pain.

scholarly journals Current understanding of thalamic structure and function in migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 1675-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaira Younis ◽  
Anders Hougaard ◽  
Rodrigo Noseda ◽  
Messoud Ashina
Keyword(s):  
Drug Target ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thalamic Structure

Objective To review and discuss the literature on the role of thalamic structure and function in migraine. Discussion The thalamus holds an important position in our understanding of allodynia, central sensitization and photophobia in migraine. Structural and functional findings suggest abnormal functional connectivity between the thalamus and various cortical regions pointing towards an altered pain processing in migraine. Pharmacological nociceptive modulation suggests that the thalamus is a potential drug target. Conclusion A critical role for the thalamus in migraine-related allodynia and photophobia is well established. Additionally, the thalamus is most likely involved in the dysfunctional pain modulation and processing in migraine, but further research is needed to clarify the exact clinical implications of these findings.

scholarly journals MRI Biomarkers for Hand-Motor Outcome Prediction and Therapy Monitoring following Stroke

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Horn ◽  
M. Grothe ◽  
M. Lotze
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Outcome Prediction ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Imaging ◽  
Imaging Parameters ◽  
Motor Outcome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Several biomarkers have been identified which enable a considerable prediction of hand-motor outcome after cerebral damage already in the subacute stage after stroke. We here review the value of MRI biomarkers in the evaluation of corticospinal integrity and functional recruitment of motor resources. Many of the functional imaging parameters are not feasible early after stroke or for patients with high impairment and low compliance. Whereas functional connectivity parameters have demonstrated varying results on their predictive value for hand-motor outcome, corticospinal integrity evaluation using structural imaging showed robust and high predictive power for patients with different levels of impairment. Although this is indicative of an overall higher value of structural imaging for prediction, we suggest that this variation be explained by structure and function relationships. To gain more insight into the recovering brain, not only one biomarker is needed. We rather argue for a combination of different measures in an algorithm to classify fine-graded subgroups of patients. Approaches to determining biomarkers have to take into account the established markers to provide further information on certain subgroups. Assessing the best therapy approaches for individual patients will become more feasible as these subgroups become specified in more detail. This procedure will help to considerably save resources and optimize neurorehabilitative therapy.

scholarly journals Feel the Noise: Relating Individual Differences in Auditory Imagery to the Structure and Function of Sensorimotor Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 4638-4650 ◽  
Author(s):  
César F. Lima ◽  
Nadine Lavan ◽  
Samuel Evans ◽  
Zarinah Agnew ◽  
Andrea R. Halpern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
And Function

Integrating Structure and Function in Conceptualizing and Assessing Pathological Traits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan G.C. Wright ◽  
Aleksandra Kaurin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Integrate Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ (5th Edition) Alternative Model of Personality Disorders includes a dimensional trait model to describe individual differences in the manifestation of personality pathology. Empirically derived quantitative trait models of psychopathology address many of the structural problems of classical diagnostic schemes (e.g., non-binary distributions, excessive comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity). However, they are largely based on the structure of individual differences in the manifestation of psychopathology. In contrast, clinical theories of personality disorder, which are the foundation of intervention efforts, are based on the function of maladaptive behavior. This distinction is akin to the difference between morphology and physiology in the broader biological sciences. A structure-function divide in the focus of empirical and clinical work contributes to a lack of integration and difficulties with translation. Here we discuss this tension and argue for the need bridge this divide and adopt research efforts that integrate structure and function of personality traits. Specifically, we suggest that between-person structure identifies the principal domains of functioning, but to understand dysfunction personality must be conceptualized and studied as an ensemble of contextualized dynamic processes.

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