scholarly journals Enhancement of Resolution Acuity in a Half-Binocular Viewing Condition

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 6066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Masgoret ◽  
Lisa Asper ◽  
Jack Alexander ◽  
Catherine Suttle
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Viewing Condition

Examining the effects of stimulus location and monocular-binocular viewing on the sound-induced flash illusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Cao ◽  
Nickolas F. Goenadi ◽  
Emma L. Neto ◽  
Isabel R. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Stimulus Location ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Data Analyses

The present study aimed to determine whether stimulus location (central or peripheral) or eye viewing condition (binocular, dominant monocular, or non-dominant monocular) had a greater magnitude of effect on perception of the sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI). Both the fission illusion (when one flash paired with two beeps is perceived as two flashes) and the fusion illusion (when two flashes paired with one beep are perceived as one flash) were measured in all location and eye viewing conditions. Analyses revealed significant fission and fusion illusions in all conditions. Additionally, we found significant differences in central and peripheral criterion levels that were driven by differences between binocular and monocular viewing conditions. Data analyses demonstrated that location of the visual stimulus had a greater magnitude of effect on the illusion than eye viewing condition. Our findings add to the growing literature supporting the mechanisms underlying central-peripheral eccentricity, and contradict the optimal integration model of the SIFI. The implications of these results would help better our understanding of the SIFI and audiovisual integration. Future studies must be conducted to confirm these results in a more representative sample.

Six-Month-Old Infants' Perception of the Hollow Face Illusion: Evidence for a General Convexity Bias

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7689 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1177-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherryse L Corrow ◽  
Jordan Mathison ◽  
Carl E Granrud ◽  
Albert Yonas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Binocular Condition ◽  
General Convexity ◽  
As If

Corrow, Granrud, Mathison, and Yonas (2011, Perception, 40, 1376–1383) found evidence that 6-month-old infants perceive the hollow face illusion. In the present study we asked whether 6-month-old infants perceive illusory depth reversal for a nonface object and whether infants' perception of the hollow face illusion is affected by mask orientation inversion. In experiment 1 infants viewed a concave bowl, and their reaches were recorded under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Infants reached to the bowl as if it were convex significantly more often in the monocular than in the binocular viewing condition. These results suggest that infants perceive illusory depth reversal with a nonface stimulus and that the infant visual system has a bias to perceive objects as convex. Infants in experiment 2 viewed a concave face-like mask in upright and inverted orientations. Infants reached to the display as if it were convex more in the monocular than in the binocular condition; however, mask orientation had no effect on reaching. Previous findings that adults' perception of the hollow face illusion is affected by mask orientation inversion have been interpreted as evidence of stored-knowledge influences on perception. However, we found no evidence of such influences in infants, suggesting that their perception of this illusion may not be affected by stored knowledge, and that perceived depth reversal is not face-specific in infants.

Proprioceptive and Retinal Afference Modify Postsaccadic Ocular Drift

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Lewis ◽  
David S. Zee ◽  
Herschel P. Goldstein ◽  
Barton L. Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Inferior Rectus ◽  
Binocular Fusion ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Retinal Disparity ◽  
Retinal Slip ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Superior Oblique

Drift of the eyes after saccades produces motion of images on the retina (retinal slip) that degrades visual acuity. In this study, we examined the contributions of proprioceptive and retinal afference to the suppression of postsaccadic drift induced by a unilateral ocular muscle paresis. Eye movements were recorded in three rhesus monkeys with a unilateral weakness of one vertical extraocular muscle before and after proprioceptive deafferentation of the paretic eye. Postsaccadic drift was examined in four visual states: monocular viewing with the normal eye (4-wk period); binocular viewing (2-wk period); binocular viewing with a disparity-reducing prism (2-wk period); and monocular viewing with the paretic eye (2-wk period). The muscle paresis produced vertical postsaccadic drift in the paretic eye, and this drift was suppressed in the binocular viewing condition even when the animals could not fuse. When the animals viewed binocularly with a disparity-reducing prism, the drift in the paretic eye was suppressed in two monkeys (with superior oblique pareses) but generally was enhanced in one animal (with a tenotomy of the inferior rectus). When drift movements were enhanced, they reduced the retinal disparity that was present at the end of the saccade. In the paretic-eye–viewing condition, postsaccadic drift was suppressed in the paretic eye and was induced in the normal eye. After deafferentation in the normal-eye–viewing state, there was a change in the vertical postsaccadic drift of the paretic eye. This change in drift was idiosyncratic and variably affected the amplitude and velocity of the postsaccadic drift movements of the paretic eye. Deafferentation of the paretic eye did not affect the postsaccadic drift of the normal eye nor did it impair visually mediated adaptation of postsaccadic drift. The results demonstrate several new findings concerning the roles of visual and proprioceptive afference in the control of postsaccadic drift: disconjugate adaptation of postsaccadic drift does not require binocular fusion; slow, postsaccadic drift movements that reduce retinal disparity but concurrently increase retinal slip can be induced in the binocular viewing state; postsaccadic drift is modified by proprioception from the extraocular muscles, but these modifications do not serve to minimize retinal slip or to correct errors in saccade amplitude; and visually mediated adaptation of postsaccadic drift does not require proprioceptive afference from the paretic eye.

The influence of viewing eye on pseudoneglect magnitude

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK E. McCOURT ◽  
MATT GARLINGHOUSE ◽  
JASON BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Line Bisection ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Central Vision ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Retinotectal Projections

Various factors influence the degree of leftward error (pseudoneglect) that typifies the performance of normal individuals in line bisection tasks. This experiment reveals that the eye through which stimuli are viewed also exerts a modulating influence on spatial attention, as indexed by significant alterations in the magnitude of pseudoneglect. Using a forced-choice tachistoscopic line bisection protocol, 24 participants (12 male; 12 female) bisected horizontally oriented lines (22.6° w × 0.39° h) presented to central vision in 3 conditions: left uniocular viewing (L), right uniocular viewing (R), and binocular viewing (B). Perceived line midpoint, a measure of bisection accuracy, deviated significantly leftward of veridical ( p < .05) in all viewing conditions, confirming a tonic asymmetry of visuospatial attention in normal young observers. In addition, a significant influence of viewing condition was found (p < .05) where pseudoneglect was greatest in the L condition, followed by the B and R conditions, respectively. Analysis of the slopes of the psychometric functions revealed significantly greater bisection precision in the binocular versus uniocular viewing conditions (p < .05). The results are interpreted to suggest that phasic effects on spatial attention can be produced by uniocular viewing via asymmetric retinotectal projections. The results are consistent with activation–orientation theories of attentional asymmetry. (JINS, 2001, 7, 391–395.)

Binocular and Monocular Coincidence-Anticipation Timing Responses

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-199
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Stimulus Velocity ◽  
Time To Collision ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
Response Errors ◽  
And Training

Background Coincidence-anticipation timing (CAT) responses require individuals to determine the time at which an approaching object will arrive at (time to collision) or pass by (time to passage) the observer and to then make a response coincident with this time. Previous studies suggest that under some conditions time to collision estimates are more accurate when binocular and monocular cues are combined. The purpose of this study was to compare binocular and monocular coincidence anticipation timing responses with the Bassin Anticipation Timer, a device for testing and training CAT responses. Methods: Useable data were obtained from 20 participants. Coincidence-anticipation timing responses were determined using a Bassin Anticipation Timer over a range of approaching stimulus linear velocities of 5 to 40mph. Participants stood to the left side of the Bassin Anticipation track. The track was below eye height. The participants’ task was to push a button to coincide with arrival of the approaching stimulus at a location immediately adjacent to the participant. CAT responses were made under three randomized conditions: binocular viewing, monocular dominant eye viewing, and monocular non-dominant eye viewing. Results: Signed (constant), unsigned (absolute), and variable (standard deviation) CAT response errors were determined and compared across viewing conditions at each stimulus velocity. There were no significant differences in CAT errors between the conditions at any stimulus velocity, although the differences in signed and unsigned errors approached significance at 40mph. Conclusions: The addition of binocular cues did not result in a reduction in coincidence anticipation timing response errors compared to the monocular viewing conditions. There were no differences in CAT response errors between the monocular dominant eye viewing and monocular non-dominant eye viewing conditions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Material Properties on the Perceived Shape of Three-Dimensional Objects

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 204166952098231
Author(s):  
Masakazu Ohara ◽  
Juno Kim ◽  
Kowa Koida
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Transparent Objects ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Local Root ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Perceiving the shape of three-dimensional objects is essential for interacting with them in daily life. If objects are constructed from different materials, can the human visual system accurately estimate their three-dimensional shape? We varied the thickness, motion, opacity, and specularity of globally convex objects rendered in a photorealistic environment. These objects were presented under either dynamic or static viewing condition. Observers rated the overall convexity of these objects along the depth axis. Our results show that observers perceived solid transparent objects as flatter than the same objects rendered with opaque reflectance properties. Regional variation in local root-mean-square image contrast was shown to provide information that is predictive of perceived surface convexity.

The effects of dichoptic and binocular viewing on bistable motion percepts

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysia D. Ritter ◽  
Bruno G. Breitmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Viewing

A Comparison of Presentation Mediums for the Study of Trust in Autonomous Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 878-882
Author(s):  
Katherine Garcia ◽  
Ian Robertson ◽  
Philip Kortum
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Spatial Presence ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Flat Screen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
User Trust

The purpose of this study is to compare presentation methods for use in the validation of the Trust in Selfdriving Vehicle Scale (TSDV), a questionnaire designed to assess user trust in self-driving cars. Previous studies have validated trust instruments using traditional videos wherein participants watch a scenario involving an automated system but there are strong concerns about external validity with this approach. We examined four presentation conditions: a flat screen monitor with a traditional video, a flat screen with a 2D 180 video, an Oculus Go VR headset with a 2D 180 video, and an Oculus Go with a 3D VR video. Participants watched eight video scenarios of a self-driving vehicle attempting a right-hand tum at a stop sign and rated their trust in the vehicle shown in the video after each scenario using the TSDV and rated telepresence for the viewing condition. We found a significant interaction between the mean TSDV scores for pedestrian collision and presentation condition. The TSDV mean in the Headset 2D 180 condition was significantly higher than the other three conditions. Additionally, when used to view the scenarios as 3D VR videos, the headset received significantly higher ratings of spatial presence compared to the condition using a flatscreen a 2D video; none of the remaining comparisons were statistically significant. Based on the results it is not recommended that the headset be used for short scenarios because the benefits do not outweigh the costs.

Human Gaze Stabilization During Natural Activities: Translation, Rotation, Magnification, and Target Distance Effects

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2129-2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Crane ◽  
Joseph L. Demer
Keyword(s):  
Slip Velocity ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Visual Pursuit ◽  
Image Velocity ◽  
Gain Enhancement ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex

Crane, Benjamin T. and Joseph L. Demer. Human gaze stabilization during natural activities: translation, rotation, magnification, and target distance effects. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2129–2144, 1997. Stability of images on the retina was determined in 14 normal humans in response to rotational and translational perturbations during self-generated pitch and yaw, standing, walking, and running on a treadmill. The effects on image stability of target distance, vision, and spectacle magnification were examined. During locomotion the horizontal and vertical velocity of images on the retina was <4°/s for a visible target located beyond 4 m. Image velocity significantly increased to >4°/s during self-generated motion. For all conditions of standing and locomotion, angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR) gain was less than unity and varied significantly by activity, by target distance, and among subjects. There was no significant correlation( P > 0.05) between AVOR gain and image stability during standing and walking despite significant variation among subjects. This lack of correlation is likely due to translation of the orbit. The degree of orbital translation and rotation varied significantly with activity and viewing condition in a manner suggesting an active role in gaze stabilization. Orbital translation was consistently antiphase with rotation at predominant frequencies <4 Hz. When orbital translation was neglected in computing gaze, computed image velocities increased. The compensatory effect of orbital translation allows gaze stabilization despite subunity AVOR gain during natural activities. Orbital translation decreased during close target viewing, whereas orbital rotation decreased while wearing telescopic spectacles. As the earth fixed target was moved closer, image velocity on the retina significantly increased ( P < 0.05) for all activities except standing. Latency of the AVOR increased slightly with decreasing target distance but remained <10 ms for even the closest target. This latency was similar in darkness or light, indicating that the visual pursuit tracking is probably not important in gaze stabilization. Trials with a distant target were repeated while subjects wore telescopic spectacles that magnified vision by 1.9 or 4 times. Gain of the AVOR was enhanced by magnified vision during all activities, but always to a value less than spectacle magnification. Gain enhancement was greatest during self-generated sinusoidal motion at 0.8 Hz and was less during standing, walking, and running. Image slip velocity on the retina increased with increasing magnification. During natural activities, slip velocity with telescopes increased most during running and least during standing. Latency of the visually enhanced AVOR significantly increased with magnification ( P < 0.05), probably reflecting a contribution of the visual pursuit system. The oculomotor estimate of target distance was inferred by measuring binocular convergence, as well as from monocular parallax during head translation. In darkness, target distance estimates obtained by both techniques were less accurate than in light, consistently overestimating for near and underestimating for far targets.

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