Binocular and Monocular Coincidence-Anticipation Timing Responses

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-199
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Stimulus Velocity ◽  
Time To Collision ◽  
Dominant Eye ◽  
Response Errors ◽  
And Training

Background Coincidence-anticipation timing (CAT) responses require individuals to determine the time at which an approaching object will arrive at (time to collision) or pass by (time to passage) the observer and to then make a response coincident with this time. Previous studies suggest that under some conditions time to collision estimates are more accurate when binocular and monocular cues are combined. The purpose of this study was to compare binocular and monocular coincidence anticipation timing responses with the Bassin Anticipation Timer, a device for testing and training CAT responses. Methods: Useable data were obtained from 20 participants. Coincidence-anticipation timing responses were determined using a Bassin Anticipation Timer over a range of approaching stimulus linear velocities of 5 to 40mph. Participants stood to the left side of the Bassin Anticipation track. The track was below eye height. The participants’ task was to push a button to coincide with arrival of the approaching stimulus at a location immediately adjacent to the participant. CAT responses were made under three randomized conditions: binocular viewing, monocular dominant eye viewing, and monocular non-dominant eye viewing. Results: Signed (constant), unsigned (absolute), and variable (standard deviation) CAT response errors were determined and compared across viewing conditions at each stimulus velocity. There were no significant differences in CAT errors between the conditions at any stimulus velocity, although the differences in signed and unsigned errors approached significance at 40mph. Conclusions: The addition of binocular cues did not result in a reduction in coincidence anticipation timing response errors compared to the monocular viewing conditions. There were no differences in CAT response errors between the monocular dominant eye viewing and monocular non-dominant eye viewing conditions.

Gaze-Accuracy during Monocular and Binocular Viewing

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 371-371
Author(s):  
R M Steinman ◽  
T I Forofonova ◽  
J Epelboim ◽  
M R Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Affirmative Answer ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Control Limit ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Gaze Control ◽  
The Gaze

Epelboim et al (1996 Vision Research35 3401 – 3422) reported that cyclopean gaze errors were smaller than either eye's during tapping and looking-only tasks. This raised two questions: (i) does cyclopean gaze accuracy require binocular input, and (ii) when only one eye sees, is its gaze more accurate than the patched eye's? Most oculomotorists probably expect an affirmative answer to both. Neither expectation was fulfilled. The Maryland Revolving Field Monitor recorded, with exceptional accuracy, eye movements of two unrestrained subjects tapping or only looking, in a specified order, at four randomly positioned LEDs, with monocular or binocular viewing. Subjects either tapped with their finger tips naturally, or unnaturally via a rod (2 mm diameter, 1.5 cm long), glued to a sewing thimble. Instructions were to be fast, but make no order errors. With binocular viewing, cyclopean gaze accuracy was best during looking-only. During natural tapping, gaze errors increased, becoming no smaller than success required. Both tasks were learned equally fast, but as expected, the younger subject (aged 27 years) performed ∼ 40% faster than the older subject (aged 69 years). Unnatural, monocular viewing produced odd results, eg cyclopean gaze error was smallest when only one eye could see in some conditions. Only the older subject served in the unnatural tapping task because the younger's errors were too close to his gaze control limit. The older subject, who was suitable, reduced his cyclopean gaze error by 56%, from 1.4 to 0.9 deg. These results support our claim that the gaze error allowed is adjusted to the visuomotor demands of different tasks.

Assessment of Depth Perception in Cats

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E Mitchell ◽  
Martin Kaye ◽  
Brian Timney
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing

A behavioural method is described for the assessment of depth perception of kittens. Measurement is made of the smallest separation in depth that can be discriminated between two adjacent stimuli under both monocular and binocular viewing conditions. Normal animals can discriminate much smaller separations in depth when using two eyes than with monocular viewing, implying the presence of a cue to depth that is uniquely available with binocular viewing. The test provides a quick and reliable way of screening animals for stereopsis.

scholarly journals To See, Not to See, or to See Poorly: Perceptual Quality and Guess Rate as a Function of Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Activity in an Orientation Perception Task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Sheldon ◽  
Kyle E. Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Perceptual Quality ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Orientation Perception ◽  
Errors Analysis ◽  
Response Errors

AbstractBrain oscillations are known to modulate detection of visual stimuli, but it is unclear if this is due to increased guess rate or decreased precision of the mental representation. Here we estimated quality and guess rate as a function of electroencephalography (EEG) brain activity using an orientation perception task. Errors on each trial were quantified as the difference between the target orientation and the orientation reported by participants with a response stimulus. Response errors were fitted to standard mixed model by Zhang and Luck (2008) to quantify how participants’ guess rate and standard deviation parameters varied as a function of brain activity. Twenty-four participants were included in the analysis.Within subjects, the power and phase of delta and theta post-target oscillatory activity were found to vary along with performance on the orientation perception task in that greater power and phase coherence in the 2-5 Hz band range was measured in trials with more accurate responses. In addition, the phase of delta and theta correlated with the degree of response error while oscillatory power did not have a relationship with trial-by-trial response errors. Analysis of task-related alpha activity yielded no significant results implying that alpha oscillations do not play an important role in orientation perception at single trial level. Across participants, only the standard deviation parameter correlated with oscillatory power in the high alpha and low beta frequency ranges. These results indicate that post-target power is associated with the precision of mental representations rather than the guess rate, both across trials within subjects and across subjects.

Examining the effects of stimulus location and monocular-binocular viewing on the sound-induced flash illusion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Cao ◽  
Nickolas F. Goenadi ◽  
Emma L. Neto ◽  
Isabel R. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Stimulus Location ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Data Analyses

The present study aimed to determine whether stimulus location (central or peripheral) or eye viewing condition (binocular, dominant monocular, or non-dominant monocular) had a greater magnitude of effect on perception of the sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI). Both the fission illusion (when one flash paired with two beeps is perceived as two flashes) and the fusion illusion (when two flashes paired with one beep are perceived as one flash) were measured in all location and eye viewing conditions. Analyses revealed significant fission and fusion illusions in all conditions. Additionally, we found significant differences in central and peripheral criterion levels that were driven by differences between binocular and monocular viewing conditions. Data analyses demonstrated that location of the visual stimulus had a greater magnitude of effect on the illusion than eye viewing condition. Our findings add to the growing literature supporting the mechanisms underlying central-peripheral eccentricity, and contradict the optimal integration model of the SIFI. The implications of these results would help better our understanding of the SIFI and audiovisual integration. Future studies must be conducted to confirm these results in a more representative sample.

Reaction Time, Response Errors, and G

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Kranzler
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Average Correlation ◽  
Correction For Attenuation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Reaction Time Response ◽  
Psychometric G ◽  
Elementary Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Response Errors

Humphreys (1989) hypothesized that psychometric g is more highly correlated with the number of response errors on elementary cognitive tasks than with the reaction time (RT) measures themselves. Although Humphreys' hypothesis may well hold for relatively complex RT tasks, results of a recent study do not substantiate his hypothesis with regard to some of the simplest tasks. In this study, the average correlation ( r) between g and number of response errors was .05, compared to -.20 for median RT and -.23 for intraindividual differences in RT (measured as the standard deviation of RTs over trials). Even after correction for attenuation, the average r between g and errors is lower (.02) than the average correlations between g and the RT measures.

scholarly journals Weekly Load Variations of Distance-Based Variables in Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
Asier Los Arcos ◽  
Bruno Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Moderate Effect ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the variations of acute load, training monotony, and training strain among early (pre-season), mid (first half of season), and end season (second half of season) periods; (2) to compare these training indicators for playing positions in different moments of the season. Nineteen professional players (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years; experience as professional: 7.5 ± 4.3 years) from a European First League team participated in this study. The players were monitored daily over a 45-week period for the total distance (TD), distance covered (DC) at 14 km/h−1 or above (DC > 14 km/h), high-speed running above 19.8 km/h−1 (HSR) distance, and number of sprints above 25.2 km/h−1. The acute load (sum of load during a week), training monotony (mean of training load during the seven days of the week divided by the standard deviation of the training load of the seven days), and training strain (sum of the training load for all training sessions and matches during a week multiplied by training monotony) workload indices were calculated weekly for each measure and per player. Results revealed that training monotony and training strain for HSR were meaningfully greater in pre-season than in the first half of the in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.883 and p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.712, respectively) and greater than the second half of the in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.718 and p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.717). The training monotony for the sprints was meaningfully greater in pre-season than in the first half of in-season (p < 0.001; d = 0.953) and greater than the second half of in-season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.916). Comparisons between playing positions revealed that small-to-moderate effect sizes differences mainly for the number of sprints in acute load, training monotony, and training strain. In conclusion, the study revealed that greater acute load, training monotony, and training strain occurred in the pre-season and progressively decreased across the season. Moreover, external defenders and wingers were subjected to meaningfully greater acute load and training strain for HSR and number of sprints during the season compared to the remaining positions.

scholarly journals Assessment of M-Service Acceptance in Educational Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Adel Al-Shaher
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
And Training ◽  
One Way Anova

The paper investigates students’ perspective regarding the role of Smartphones in an educational context. The method consists in conducting a questionnaire among 80 respondents – final-year students from four universities in Baghdad, Iraq; and data processing through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0) by applying recurrence, rate, mean score, standard deviation, autonomous example t-test and One Way ANOVA. Such a blended approach allows demonstrating that smartphones play a positive role in helping students learn and get educated. This study is significant for E-learners as it offers an innovative method of teaching; however a sound pedagogical infrastructure and training is needed.

scholarly journals Optokinetic stimulation induces vertical vergence, possibly through a non-visual pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Wibble ◽  
Tony Pansell
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Ocular Torsion ◽  
Erect Position

Abstract Vertical vergence is generally associated with one of three mechanisms: vestibular activation during a head tilt, induced by vertical visual disparity, or as a by-product of ocular torsion. However, vertical vergence can also be induced by seemingly unrelated visual conditions, such as optokinetic rotations. This study aims to investigate the effect of vision on this latter form of vertical vergence. Eight subjects (4m/4f) viewed a visual scene in head erect position in two different viewing conditions (monocular and binocular). The scene, containing white lines angled at 45° against a black background, was projected at an eye-screen distance of 2 m, and rotated 28° at an acceleration of 56°/s2. Eye movements were recorded using a Chronos Eye-Tracker, and eye occlusions were carried out by placing an infrared-translucent cover in front of the left eye during monocular viewing. Results revealed vergence amplitudes during binocular viewing to be significantly lower than those seen for monocular conditions (p = 0.003), while torsion remained unaffected. This indicates that vertical vergence to optokinetic stimulation, though visually induced, is visually suppressed during binocular viewing. Considering that vertical vergence is generally viewed as a vestibular signal, the findings may reflect a visually induced activation of a vestibular pathway.

Ocular Dominance and Field of View in Monocular and Binocular Optical Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Swistak ◽  
John A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Eye Dominance

An experiment was conducted in which the effects of ocular dominance and field-or-view restrictions on judgments of centricity were examined. Thirty subjects (J 5 left-eye dominant and 15 right-eye dominant) were asked to make midpoint estimates in five experimental tasks under all possible combinations of the following conditions: (a) monocular vs. binocular viewing; (b) total covering of either the dominant or nondominant eye; and (c) field-or-view restrictions of either 20, 40, or 60 degrees. While no evidence was found to suggest that, by themselves, eye dominance or field-or-view restrictions seriously affect observers' midpoint judgments, under monocular viewing conditions the direction of errors by right- and left-eye dominant subjects was found to depend on which eye was the viewing eye (i.e., dominant or nondominant). The results are discussed in terms of previous research in the area, and implications for the design and use of optical systems are presented.

Accuracy Demands, Environmental Structure and Viewing Conditions in Interception Tasks

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Kossoko ◽  
Reinoud J. Bootsma
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Binocular Viewing ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
Environmental Structure ◽  
Per Se

30 subjects performed an interception task in which the accuracy demands were varied under binocular vs monocular viewing conditions and under different conditions of environmental structure. The pattern of results suggests that the advantage of binocular viewing is due to the concordance of information detected by both eyes rather than to binocular vision per se. The presence of static environmental structure enhances performance because it provides a stable external basis against which optical changes can be evaluated.

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