scholarly journals Saccade adaptation alters smooth pursuit velocity of small, but not large objects

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 252b
Author(s):  
Scott Watamaniuk ◽  
Jeremy B Badler ◽  
Stephen J Heinen
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
Saccade Adaptation

Effects of Learning on Smooth Pursuit During Transient Disappearance of a Visual Target

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 972-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Madelain ◽  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Velocity Gain ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

Previous research has demonstrated learning in the pursuit system, but it is unclear whether these effects are the result of changes in visual or motor processing. The ability to maintain smooth pursuit during the transient disappearance of a visual target provides a way to assess pursuit properties in the absence of visual inputs. To study the long-term effects of learning on nonvisual signals for pursuit, we used an operant conditioning procedure. By providing a reinforcing auditory stimulus during periods of accurate tracking, we increased the pursuit velocity gain during target blanking from 0.59 in the baseline session to 0.89 after 8 to 10 daily sessions of training. Learning also reduced the occurrence of saccades. The learned effects generalized to untrained target velocities and persisted in the presence of a textured visual background. In a yoked-control group, the reinforcer was independent of the subjects' responses, and the velocity gain remained unchanged (from 0.6 to 0.63, respectively, before and after training). In a control group that received no reinforcer, gain increased slightly after repetition of the task (from 0.63 to 0.71, respectively, before and after training). Using a model of pursuit, we show that these effects of learning can be simulated by modifying the gain of an extra-retinal signal. Our results demonstrate that learned contingencies can increase eye velocity in the absence of visual signals and support the view that pursuit is regulated by extra-retinal signals that can undergo long-term plasticity.

Voluntary control of smooth pursuit velocity

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Steinman ◽  
Alexander A. Skavenski ◽  
Richard V. Sansbury
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

The upper limit of human smooth pursuit velocity

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig H. Meyer ◽  
Adrian G. Lasker ◽  
David A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

scholarly journals Smooth pursuit and saccadic abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. HUTTON ◽  
T. J. CRAWFORD ◽  
B. K. PURI ◽  
L.-J. DUNCAN ◽  
M. CHAPMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
Oculomotor Function ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Tracking

Background. Previous studies of oculomotor dysfunction in schizophrenia have tended to concentrate on abnormalities of smooth pursuit eye tracking in chronic medicated patients. We report the results of a study of smooth pursuit, reflexive and antisaccade performance in drug naive and antipsychotic treated first-episode schizophrenic patients.Methods. Smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements were recorded in 36 first-episode schizophrenic patients and 36 controls matched for age and estimated IQ. The schizophrenic patients were divided into drug-naive (N=17) and antipsychotic treated groups (N=19).Results. Smooth pursuit velocity gain was significantly lower than controls only in the drug-naive patients. The treated patients did not differ significantly from either the controls or the untreated group. In an antisaccade paradigm both treated and drug-naive schizophrenic patients demonstrated an increased number of errors, but only drug-naive patients also demonstrated an increased latency in initiating correct antisaccades.Conclusions. These impairments are unlikely to be due to a generalized deficit in oculomotor function in the schizophrenic groups, as there were no differences between the groups in saccadic metrics on a reflexive saccade task. The results show that both smooth pursuit and saccadic abnormalities are present at the onset of schizophrenia and are integral to the disorder.

Neural responses related to smooth-pursuit eye movements and their correspondence with electrically elicited smooth eye movements in the primate frontal eye field

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1634-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gottlieb ◽  
M. G. MacAvoy ◽  
C. J. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Gaussian Function ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Directional Tuning ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
Pursuit Neurons

1. Intracortical microstimulation of a portion of the monkey frontal eye field (FEF) lying in the floor and posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus evokes smooth, rather than saccadic eye movements. To further explore this region's involvement in pursuit, we recorded from FEF neurons in the vicinity of sites from which smooth eye movements (SEMs) were elicited electrically and studied their responses during smooth-pursuit and saccadic tasks. In this report, we describe the neurons' responses during visually guided smooth pursuit and compare their locations and response properties with those of elicited SEMs. 2. One hundred and ninety-three neurons, recorded from the FEF region in six hemispheres of three rhesus monkeys, were classified as “pursuit neurons”. These neurons responded during smooth-pursuit tracking of moving visual stimuli but had no, or only minimal, responses in conjunction with visually guided saccades. Pursuit neurons were located in a small region of the arcuate fundus and posterior bank that overlapped, and extended slightly beyond, the region from which SEMs were elicited with microstimulation. 3. All pursuit neurons had a preferred pursuit direction, and all directions were represented with no strong bias toward ipsilateral, contralateral, up, or down. The directional tuning of 80 pursuit cells was measured quantitatively by testing pursuit in several directions and fitting the responses to a Gaussian function. Tuning indices (the sigma parameter of the Gaussian fit) varied between 13 degrees and 136 degrees. The median tuning index, 44.5 degrees, corresponds to a full width at half maximum of 105 degrees. The ubiquity of selectivity for pursuit direction and the wide distribution of preferred directions indicates that pursuit direction uses a place-code type of representation in FEF; however, the broad directional tuning of most neurons suggests that pursuit direction is given by a weighted average of optimal directions across the population of pursuit neurons active at any given time. 4. In general, the responses of pursuit neurons increased with pursuit velocity. Of 13 neurons formally tested with 2 s of constant-velocity tracking in their preferred direction across a range of target speeds, pursuit velocity sensitivity ranged from 0.24 to 1.42 spikes.s-1.deg-1.s-1, with an average sensitivity of 0.70. This relationship suggests that pursuit neurons represent pursuit magnitude using a rate code; this parallels our previous observation that at most SEM sites, the velocity and acceleration of the electrically elicited eye movements increased as a function of the stimulation current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Oculomotor Tracking in Two Dimensions

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1597-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Engel ◽  
John H. Anderson ◽  
John F. Soechting
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Positional Error ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Pursuit Movement ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

Oculomotor tracking in two dimensions. Results from studies of oculomotor tracking in one dimension have indicated that saccades are driven primarily by errors in position, whereas smooth pursuit movements are driven primarily by errors in velocity. To test whether this result generalizes to two-dimensional tracking, we asked subjects to track a target that moved initially in a straight line then changed direction. We found that the general premise does indeed hold true; however, the study of oculomotor tracking in two dimensions provides additional insight. The first saccade was directed slightly in advance of target location at saccade onset. Thus its direction was related primarily to angular positional error. The direction of the smooth pursuit movement after the saccade was related linearly to the direction of target motion with an average slope of 0.8. Furthermore the magnitude and direction of smooth pursuit velocity did not change abruptly; consequently the direction of smooth pursuit appeared to rotate smoothly over time.

scholarly journals Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia are associated with oculomotor endophenotypes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Annabell Coors ◽  
Mohammed-Aslam Imtiaz ◽  
Meta M. Boenniger ◽  
N. Ahmad Aziz ◽  
Monique M. B. Breteler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
Oculomotor Function ◽  
Multivariable Regression Models

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with substantial heritability. The use of endophenotypes may help clarify its aetiology. Measures from the smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movement tasks have been identified as endophenotypes for schizophrenia in twin and family studies. However, the genetic basis of the overlap between schizophrenia and these oculomotor markers is largely unknown. Here, we tested whether schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRS) were associated with oculomotor performance in the general population. Methods Analyses were based on the data of 2956 participants (aged 30–95) of the Rhineland Study, a community-based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. Genotyping was performed on Omni-2.5 exome arrays. Using summary statistics from a recent meta-analysis based on the two largest schizophrenia genome-wide association studies to date, we quantified genetic risk for schizophrenia by creating PRS at different p value thresholds for genetic markers. We examined associations between PRS and oculomotor performance using multivariable regression models. Results Higher PRS were associated with higher antisaccade error rate and latency, and lower antisaccade amplitude gain. PRS showed inconsistent patterns of association with smooth pursuit velocity gain and were not associated with saccade rate during smooth pursuit or performance on a prosaccade control task. Conclusions There is an overlap between genetic determinants of schizophrenia and oculomotor endophenotypes. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms that underlie schizophrenia also affect oculomotor function in the general population.

Preparatory Gain Modulation of Visuomotor Transmission for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Monkeys

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 3051-3063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Tabata ◽  
Kenichiro Miura ◽  
Masakatsu Taki ◽  
Kiyoto Matsuura ◽  
Kenji Kawano
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Gain Modulation ◽  
Visuomotor Processing ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Plateau Level

It has been reported that the visuomotor processing underlying the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movement is modulated in relation to the recent experience of eye movements: the initial pursuit eye velocity is larger after experiencing repeated pursuits than saccades. To assess which parameters of the previously executed pursuits play an essential role in modulating the gain of visuomotor transmission, we recorded the ocular responses of monkeys to a brief perturbing motion of the tracking target injected before the start of the eye movements. First, we compared the perturbation responses among the blocks in which the duration of executing pursuit was varied. We found that the response amplitude increased with the increase of the pursuit duration and it reached a plateau level at 100–200 ms of the duration. Second, a comparison of the perturbation responses in the blocks in which target velocity was different showed a gradual increase of the response as a function of the required pursuit velocity. Third, when the animals repeatedly performed pursuits, the response amplitude gradually increased with increasing interval between the appearance of the target and the onset of perturbation. On the other hand, such an increase was not observed when the animals repeatedly performed saccades. These results suggest that before initiating eye movements, the pursuit system modulates the gain of visuomotor transmission so as to be closely related to the properties of the repeatedly experienced eye movements and this gain modulation is triggered by the target’s appearance.

scholarly journals Evidence that smooth pursuit velocity, not eye position, modulates alpha and beta oscillations in human middle temporal cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 5220-5232
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Dunkley ◽  
Tom C.A. Freeman ◽  
Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy ◽  
Krish D. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Pursuit Velocity
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