scholarly journals Evidence that smooth pursuit velocity, not eye position, modulates alpha and beta oscillations in human middle temporal cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 5220-5232
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Dunkley ◽  
Tom C.A. Freeman ◽  
Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy ◽  
Krish D. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

scholarly journals Cortical oscillatory changes in human middle temporal cortex underlying smooth pursuit eye movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Dunkley ◽  
Tom C.A. Freeman ◽  
Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy ◽  
Krish D. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements

Anatomy and Physiology of the Primate Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal. II. Discharge Pattern of Single Efferent Fibers

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 3100-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dalezios ◽  
C. A. Scudder ◽  
S. M. Highstein ◽  
A. K. Moschovakis
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Behaving Monkeys ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Vertical Up

Dalezios, Y., C. A. Scudder, S. M. Highstein, and A. K. Moschovakis. Anatomy and physiology of the primate interstitial nucleus of Cajal. II. Discharge pattern of single efferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 3100–3111, 1998. Single efferent fibers of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (NIC) were characterized physiologically and injected with biocytin in alert behaving monkeys. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that their discharge encodes a constellation of oculomotor variables. Tonic and phasic signals were related to vertical (up or down) eye position and saccades, respectively. Depending on how they encoded eye position, saccade velocity, saccade size, saccade duration, and smooth-pursuit eye velocity, fibers were characterized as regular or irregular, bi- or unidirectionally modulated, more or less sensitive, and reliable or unreliable. Further, fibers that did not burst for saccades (tonic) and fibers the eye-position and saccade-related signals of which increased in the same (in-phase) or in the opposite (anti-phase) directions were encountered. A continuum of discharge properties was the rule. We conclude that NIC efferent fibers send a combination of eye-position, saccade-, and smooth-pursuit-related signals, mixed in proportions that differ for different fibers, to targets of the vertical neural integrator such as extraocular motoneurons.

Neuronal Responses Related to Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in the Periarcuate Cortical Area of Monkeys

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Kikuro Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Eye Velocity

Tanaka, Masaki and Kikuro Fukushima. Neuronal responses related to smooth pursuit eye movements in the periarcuate cortical area of monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 28–47, 1998. To examine how the periarcuate area is involved in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements, we recorded 177 single neurons while monkeys pursued a moving target in the dark. The majority (52%, 92/177) of task-related neurons responded to pursuit but had little or no response to saccades. Histological reconstructions showed that these neurons were located mainly in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus near the sulcal spur. Twenty-seven percent (48/177) changed their activity at the onset of saccades. Of these, 36 (75%) showed presaccadic burst activity with strong preference for contraversive saccades. Eighteen (10%, 18/177) were classified as eye-position–related neurons, and 11% (19/177) were related to other aspects of the stimuli or response. Among the 92 neurons that responded to pursuit, 85 (92%) were strongly directional with uniformly distributed preferred directions. Further analyses were performed in these directionally sensitive pursuit-related neurons. For 59 neurons that showed distinct changes in activity around the initiation of pursuit, the median latency from target motion was 96 ms and that preceding pursuit was −12 ms, indicating that these neuron can influence the initiation of pursuit. We tested some neurons by briefly extinguishing the tracking target ( n = 39) or controlling its movement with the eye position signal ( n = 24). The distribution of the change in pursuit-related activity was similar to previous data for the dorsomedial part of the medial superior temporal neurons ( Newsome et al. 1988) , indicating that pursuit-related neurons in the periarcuate area also carry extraretinal signals. For 22 neurons, we examined the responses when the animals reversed pursuit direction to distinguish the effects of eye acceleration in the preferred direction from oppositely directed eye velocity. Almost all neurons discharged before eye velocity reached zero, however, only nine neurons discharged before the eyes were accelerated in the preferred direction. The delay in neuronal responses relative to the onset of eye acceleration in these trials might be caused by suppression from oppositely directed pursuit velocity. The results suggest that the periarcuate neurons do not participate in the earliest stage of eye acceleration during the change in pursuit direction, although most of them may participate in the early stages of pursuit initiation in the ordinary step-ramp pursuit trials. Some neurons changed their activity when the animals fixated a stationary target, and this activity could be distinguished easily from the strong pursuit-related responses. Our results suggest that the periarcuate pursuit area carries extraretinal signals and affects the premotor circuitry for smooth pursuit.

Discharge patterns in nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and adjacent medial vestibular nucleus during horizontal eye movement in behaving macaques

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. McFarland ◽  
A. F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Medial Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Prepositus Hypoglossi ◽  
Eye Velocity

1. Monkeys were trained to perform a variety of horizontal eye tracking tasks designed to reveal possible eye movement and vestibular sensitivities of neurons in the medulla. To test eye movement sensitivity, we required stationary monkeys to track a small spot that moved horizontally. To test vestibular sensitivity, we rotated the monkeys about a vertical axis and required them to fixate a target rotating with them to suppress the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). 2. All of the 100 units described in our study were recorded from regions of the medulla that were prominently labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the abducens nucleus. These regions include the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), and their common border (the “marginal zone”). We report here the activities of three different types of neurons recorded in these regions. 3. Two types responded only during eye movements per se. Their firing rates increased with eye position; 86% had ipsilateral “on” directions. Almost three quarters (73%) of these medullary neurons exhibited a burst-tonic discharge pattern that is qualitatively similar to that of abducens motoneurons. There were, however, quantitative differences in that these medullary burst-position neurons were less sensitive to eye position than were abducens motoneurons and often did not pause completely for saccades in the off direction. The burst of medullary burst position neurons preceded the saccade by an average of 7.6 +/- 1.7 (SD) ms and, on average, lasted the duration of the saccade. The number of spikes in the burst was well correlated with saccade size. The second type of eye movement neuron displayed either no discernible burst or an inconsistent one for on-direction saccades and will be referred to as medullary position neurons. Neither the burst-position nor the position neurons responded when the animals suppressed the VOR; hence, they displayed no vestibular sensitivity. 4. The third type of neuron was sensitive to both eye movement and vestibular stimulation. These neurons increased their firing rates during horizontal head rotation and smooth pursuit eye movements in the same direction; most (76%) preferred ipsilateral head and eye movements. Their firing rates were approximately in phase with eye velocity during sinusoidal smooth pursuit and with head velocity during VOR suppression; on average, their eye velocity sensitivity was 50% greater than their vestibular sensitivity. Sixty percent of these eye/head velocity cells were also sensitive to eye position. 5. The NPH/MVN region contains many neurons that could provide an eye position signal to abducens neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Recovery of function after lesions in the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Yamasaki ◽  
R. H. Wurtz
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

1. Ibotenic acid lesions in the monkey's middle temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST) in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) have previously been shown to produce a deficit in initiation of smooth-pursuit eye movements to moving visual targets. The deficits, however, recovery within a few days. In the present experiments we investigated the factors that influence that recovery. 2. We tested two aspects of the monkey's ability to use motion information to acquire moving targets. We used eye-position error as a measure of the monkey's ability to make accurate initial saccades to the moving target. We measured eye speed within the first 100 ms after the saccade to evaluate the monkey's initial smooth pursuit. 3. We determined that pursuit recovery was not dependent specifically on the use of neurotoxic lesions. Although the rate of recovery was slightly altered by replacing the usual neurotoxin (ibotenic acid) with another neurotoxin [alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] or with an electrolytic lesion, pursuit recovery still occurred within a period of days to weeks. 4. There was a relationship between the size and location of the lesion and the recovery time. The time to recovery for eye-position error and initial eye speed increased with the fraction of MT removed. Whether the rate of recovery and size of lesions within regions on the anterior bank were related was unresolved. 5. We found that a large AMPA lesion within the STS that removed all of MT and nearly all of MST drastically altered the rate of recovery. Recovery was incomplete more than 7 mo after the lesion. Even with this lesion, however, the monkey's ability to use motion information for pursuit was not completely eliminated. 6. The large lesion also included parts of areas V1, V2, V3, and V4, but analysis of the visual fields associated with this lesion indicated that these areas probably did not have a substantial effect on recovery. 7. We tested whether visual motion experience of the monkey after a lesion was necessary for recovery by limiting the monkey's experience either by using a mask or by using 4-Hz stroboscopic illumination. In one monkey the eye-position error component of pursuit was prolonged to greater than 2 wk, but recovery of eye speed was not. Reduced motion experience had little effect on recovery in the other two monkeys. These results suggest that such visual motion experience is not necessary for the recovery of pursuit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activity of Mesencephalic Vertical Burst Neurons During Saccades and Smooth Pursuit

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 2080-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Missal ◽  
S. de Brouwer ◽  
P. Lefèvre ◽  
E. Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Vertical Saccades ◽  
Eye Velocity

The activity of vertical burst neurons (BNs) was recorded in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF-BNs) and in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (NIC-BNs) in head-restrained cats while performing saccades or smooth pursuit. BNs emitted a high-frequency burst of action potentials before and during vertical saccades. On average, these bursts led saccade onset by 14 ± 4 ms (mean ± SD, n = 23), and this value was in the range of latencies (∼5–15 ms) of medium-lead burst neurons (MLBNs). All NIC-BNs ( n = 15) had a downward preferred direction, whereas riMLF-BNs showed either a downward ( n = 3) or an upward ( n = 5) preferred direction. We found significant correlations between saccade and burst parameters in all BNs: vertical amplitude was correlated with the number of spikes, maximum vertical velocity with maximum of the spike density, and saccade duration with burst duration. A correlation was also found between instantaneous vertical velocity and neuronal activity during saccades. During fixation, all riMLF-BNs and ∼50% of NIC-BNs (7/15) were silent. Among NIC-BNs active during fixation (8/15), only two cells had an activity correlated with the eye position in the orbit. During smooth pursuit, most riMLF-BNs were silent (7/8), but all NIC-BNs showed an activity that was significantly correlated with the eye velocity. This activity was unaltered during temporary disappearance of the visual target, demonstrating that it was not visual in origin. For a given neuron, its on-direction during smooth pursuit and saccades remained identical. The activity of NIC-BNs during both saccades and smooth pursuit can be described by a nonlinear exponential function using the velocity of the eye as independent variable. We suggest that riMLF-BNs, which were not active during smooth pursuit, are vertical MLBNs responsible for the generation of vertical saccades. Because NIC-BNs discharged during both saccades and pursuit, they cannot be regarded as MLBNs as usually defined. NIC-BNs could, however, be the site of convergence of both the saccadic and smooth pursuit signals at the premotoneuronal level. Alternatively, NIC-BNs could participate in the integration of eye velocity to eye position signals and represent input neurons to a common integrator.

scholarly journals Neural Systems for Memory-based Value Judgment and Decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1896-1923
Author(s):  
Avinash R. Vaidya ◽  
David Badre
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Schematic Knowledge

Real-life choices often require that we draw inferences about the value of options based on structured, schematic knowledge about their utility for our current goals. Other times, value information may be retrieved directly from a specific prior experience with an option. In an fMRI experiment, we investigated the neural systems involved in retrieving and assessing information from different memory sources to support value-based choice. Participants completed a task in which items could be conferred positive or negative value based on schematic associations (i.e., schema value) or learned directly from experience via deterministic feedback (i.e., experienced value). We found that ventromedial pFC (vmPFC) activity correlated with the influence of both experience- and schema-based values on participants' decisions. Connectivity between the vmPFC and middle temporal cortex also tracked the inferred value of items based on schematic associations on the first presentation of ingredients, before any feedback. In contrast, the striatum responded to participants' willingness to bet on ingredients as a function of the unsigned strength of their memory for those options' values. These results argue that the striatum and vmPFC play distinct roles in memory-based value judgment and decision-making. Specifically, the vmPFC assesses the value of options based on information inferred from schematic knowledge and retrieved from prior direct experience, whereas the striatum controls a decision to act on options based on memory strength.

scholarly journals Neurological Soft Signs and Brain Network Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Kong ◽  
Christina J Herold ◽  
Eric F C Cheung ◽  
Raymond C K Chan ◽  
Johannes Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Orbital Frontal Cortex ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Neurological Soft Signs ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Neurological soft signs (NSS) are often found in patients with schizophrenia. A wealth of neuroimaging studies have reported that NSS are related to disturbed cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia. However, the association between NSS and brain network abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear. In this study, the graph theoretical approach was used to analyze brain network characteristics based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. NSS were assessed using the Heidelberg scale. We found that there was no significant difference in global network properties between individuals with high and low levels of NSS. Regional network analysis showed that NSS were associated with betweenness centrality involving the inferior orbital frontal cortex, the middle temporal cortex, the hippocampus, the supramarginal cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Global network analysis also demonstrated that NSS were associated with the distribution of network hubs involving the superior medial frontal cortex, the superior and middle temporal cortices, the postcentral cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Our findings suggest that NSS are associated with alterations in topological attributes of brain networks corresponding to the cortical-subcortical-cerebellum circuit in patients with schizophrenia, which may provide a new perspective for elucidating the neural basis of NSS in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Genetically predicted complement component 4A expression: effects on memory function and middle temporal lobe activation

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1608-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Donohoe ◽  
J. Holland ◽  
D. Mothersill ◽  
S. McCarthy-Jones ◽  
D. Cosgrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Complement Component ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Rna Expression ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractBackgroundThe longstanding association between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus and schizophrenia (SZ) risk has recently been accounted for, partially, by structural variation at the complement component 4 (C4) gene. This structural variation generates varying levels ofC4RNA expression, and genetic information from the MHC region can now be used to predictC4RNA expression in the brain. Increased predictedC4ARNA expression is associated with the risk of SZ, andC4is reported to influence synaptic pruning in animal models.MethodsBased on our previous studies associating MHC SZ risk variants with poorer memory performance, we tested whether increased predictedC4ARNA expression was associated with reduced memory function in a large (n= 1238) dataset of psychosis cases and healthy participants, and with altered task-dependent cortical activation in a subset of these samples.ResultsWe observed that increased predictedC4ARNA expression predicted poorer performance on measures of memory recall (p= 0.016, corrected). Furthermore, in healthy participants, we found that increased predictedC4ARNA expression was associated with a pattern of reduced cortical activity in middle temporal cortex during a measure of visual processing (p< 0.05, corrected).ConclusionsThese data suggest that the effects ofC4on cognition were observable at both a cortical and behavioural level, and may represent one mechanism by which illness risk is mediated. As such, deficits in learning and memory may represent a therapeutic target for new molecular developments aimed at alteringC4’s developmental role.

Effects of Learning on Smooth Pursuit During Transient Disappearance of a Visual Target

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 972-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Madelain ◽  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Velocity Gain ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

Previous research has demonstrated learning in the pursuit system, but it is unclear whether these effects are the result of changes in visual or motor processing. The ability to maintain smooth pursuit during the transient disappearance of a visual target provides a way to assess pursuit properties in the absence of visual inputs. To study the long-term effects of learning on nonvisual signals for pursuit, we used an operant conditioning procedure. By providing a reinforcing auditory stimulus during periods of accurate tracking, we increased the pursuit velocity gain during target blanking from 0.59 in the baseline session to 0.89 after 8 to 10 daily sessions of training. Learning also reduced the occurrence of saccades. The learned effects generalized to untrained target velocities and persisted in the presence of a textured visual background. In a yoked-control group, the reinforcer was independent of the subjects' responses, and the velocity gain remained unchanged (from 0.6 to 0.63, respectively, before and after training). In a control group that received no reinforcer, gain increased slightly after repetition of the task (from 0.63 to 0.71, respectively, before and after training). Using a model of pursuit, we show that these effects of learning can be simulated by modifying the gain of an extra-retinal signal. Our results demonstrate that learned contingencies can increase eye velocity in the absence of visual signals and support the view that pursuit is regulated by extra-retinal signals that can undergo long-term plasticity.

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