scholarly journals The width of the functional viewing field is sensitive to distractor-target similarity even in efficient singleton search

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Gavin Ng ◽  
Alejandro Lleras ◽  
Simona Buetti
Keyword(s):  
Singleton Search

scholarly journals Brain activity involved in singleton search mode: an fMRI study

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 533-533
Author(s):  
T. Imaruoka ◽  
S. Miyauchi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Search Mode ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Singleton Search

scholarly journals The role of crowding on feature singleton search

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Anna Madison ◽  
Alejandro Lleras ◽  
Simona Buetti
Keyword(s):  
Singleton Search

scholarly journals Expectations and perceptual priming in a visual search task: Evidence from eye movements and behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shurygina ◽  
Arni Kristjansson ◽  
Luke Tudge ◽  
Andrey Chetverikov
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Singleton Search ◽  
Attention Deployment ◽  
Random Responses ◽  
And Behavior

An extensive amount of research indicates that repeating target and distractor features facilitates pop-out search while switching these features slows the search. Following the seminal study by Maljkovic & Nakayama (1994), this ‘priming of pop-out’ effect (PoP) has been widely described as an automatic bottom-up process that is independent of the observers' expectations. At the same time, numerous studies emphasize the crucial role of expectations in visual attention deployment. Our experiment shows that in contrast to previous claims, PoP in a classic color singleton search task is a mix of automatic priming and expectations. Participants searched for a uniquely-colored diamond among two same-colored distractors. Target color sequences were either predictable (e.g., two red-target-green-distractors trials, followed by two green-target-red- distractors trials, and so on) or random. Responses were faster in predictable color sequences than randomly changing ones with equal number of repetitions of target colors on preceding trials. Analysis of observers’ eye movements showed that predictability of target color affected both latency and accuracy of the first saccade during a search trial. Our results support the idea that PoP is governed not only by automatic effects from previous target or distractor features but also by top-down expectations.

Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Contributions to Attention Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pollmann
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relevant Stimulus ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Studies ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Dimension Weighting ◽  
Visual Dimension ◽  
Singleton Search ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

Abstract. In a series of event-related functional magnetic resonance studies, we consistently found activation in anterior prefrontal cortex related to visual dimension changes in singleton search tasks. I review these data and discuss possible contributions of anterior prefrontal cortex to attention control in visual search. It is proposed that anterior prefrontal cortex may detect task-relevant stimulus changes when the target is ambiguously defined. This process may occur in the absence of awareness and may support visual dimension weighting by inhibition of the old relevant dimension in favor of the new dimension.

scholarly journals Different target-discrimination times can be followed by the same saccade-initiation timing in different stimulus conditions during visual searches

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Tanaka ◽  
Satoshi Nishida ◽  
Tadashi Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Model ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Response Strength ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Target Discrimination ◽  
Difficult Condition ◽  
Singleton Search ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Visual Searches

The neuronal processes that underlie visual searches can be divided into two stages: target discrimination and saccade preparation/generation. This predicts that the length of time of the prediscrimination stage varies according to the search difficulty across different stimulus conditions, whereas the length of the latter postdiscrimination stage is stimulus invariant. However, recent studies have suggested that the length of the postdiscrimination interval changes with different stimulus conditions. To address whether and how the visual stimulus affects determination of the postdiscrimination interval, we recorded single-neuron activity in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys ( Macaca fuscata) performed a color-singleton search involving four stimulus conditions that differed regarding luminance (Bright vs. Dim) and target-distractor color similarity (Easy vs. Difficult). We specifically focused on comparing activities between the Bright-Difficult and Dim-Easy conditions, in which the visual stimuli were considerably different, but the mean reaction times were indistinguishable. This allowed us to examine the neuronal activity when the difference in the degree of search speed between different stimulus conditions was minimal. We found that not only prediscrimination but also postdiscrimination intervals varied across stimulus conditions: the postdiscrimination interval was longer in the Dim-Easy condition than in the Bright-Difficult condition. Further analysis revealed that the postdiscrimination interval might vary with stimulus luminance. A computer simulation using an accumulation-to-threshold model suggested that the luminance-related difference in visual response strength at discrimination time could be the cause of different postdiscrimination intervals.

scholarly journals Visual search under physical effort is faster but more vulnerable to distractor interference

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung-Bum Park ◽  
Shinhae Ahn ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Distractor Interference ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
Singleton Search ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Method ◽  
Behavioral Evidence

AbstractCognition and action are often intertwined in everyday life. It is thus pivotal to understand how cognitive processes operate with concurrent actions. The present study aims to assess how simple physical effort operationalized as isometric muscle contractions affects visual attention and inhibitory control. In a dual-task paradigm, participants performed a singleton search task and a handgrip task concurrently. In the search task, the target was a shape singleton among distractors with a homogeneous but different shape. A salient-but-irrelevant distractor with a unique color (i.e., color singleton) appeared on half of the trials (Singleton distractor present condition), and its presence often captures spatial attention. Critically, the visual search task was performed by the participants with concurrent hand grip exertion, at 5% or 40% of their maximum strength (low vs. high physical load), on a hand dynamometer. We found that visual search under physical effort is faster, but more vulnerable to distractor interference, potentially due to arousal and reduced inhibitory control, respectively. The two effects further manifest in different aspects of RT distributions that can be captured by different components of the ex-Gaussian model using hierarchical Bayesian method. Together, these results provide behavioral evidence and a novel model for two dissociable cognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of simple muscle exertion on the ongoing visual search process on a moment-by-moment basis.

scholarly journals Attentional Templates Are Sharpened through Differential Signal Enhancement, Not Differential Allocation of Attention

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Dirk Kerzel ◽  
Stanislas Huynh Cong
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Signal Enhancement ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Differential Signal ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Singleton Search ◽  
Target Matching

In visual search, the internal representation of the target feature is referred to as attentional template. The attentional template can be broad or precise depending on the task requirements. In singleton search, the attentional template is broad because the target is the only colored element in the display. In feature search, a precise attentional template is required because the target is in a specific color in an array of varied colors. To measure the precision of the attentional template, we used a cue-target paradigm where cueing benefits decrease when the cue color differs from the target color. Consistent with broad and precise attentional templates, the decrease of cueing effects was stronger in feature than in singleton search. Measurements of ERPs showed that the N2pc elicited by the cue decreased with increasing color difference, suggesting that attention was more strongly captured by cues that were similar to the target. However, the cue-elicited N2pc did not differ between feature and singleton search, making it unlikely to reflect the mechanism underlying attentional template precision. Furthermore, there was no evidence for attentional suppression as there was no cue-elicited PD, even in conditions where the cueing benefit turned into a same-location cost. However, an index of signal enhancement, the contralateral positivity, reflected attention template precision. In general, there was sensory enhancement of the stimulus appearing at the cued location in the search display. With broad attentional templates, any stimulus at the cued location was enhanced, whereas enhancement was restricted to target-matching colors with precise attentional templates.

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