scholarly journals Control over target selection determines switch costs in multiple-target search.

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes Fahrenfort ◽  
Christian Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Target Selection ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Target Search ◽  
Switch Costs

scholarly journals The Role of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control for Target Selection in Multiple-Target Search

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
Reshanne Reeder ◽  
Stefan Pollmann ◽  
Christian N. L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Target Search ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Control Switch ◽  
Frontoparietal Control Network

AbstractCognitive control can involve proactive (preparatory) and reactive (corrective) mechanisms. Using a gaze-contingent eye tracking paradigm combined with fMRI, we investigated the involvement of these different modes of control and their underlying neural networks, when switching between different targets in multiple-target search. Participants simultaneously searched for two possible targets presented among distractors, and selected one of them. In one condition, only one of the targets was available in each display, so that the choice was imposed, and reactive control would be required. In the other condition, both targets were present, giving observers free choice over target selection, and allowing for proactive control. Switch costs emerged only when targets were imposed and not when target selection was free. We found differential levels of activity in the frontoparietal control network depending on whether target switches were free or imposed. Furthermore, we observed core regions of the default mode network to be active during target repetitions, indicating reduced control on these trials. Free and imposed switches jointly activated parietal and posterior frontal cortices, while free switches additionally activated anterior frontal cortices. These findings highlight unique contributions of proactive and reactive control during visual search.

scholarly journals Frontal cortex differentiates between free and imposed target selection in multiple-target search

NeuroImage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 116133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
Reshanne Reeder ◽  
Stefan Pollmann ◽  
Christian N.L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Target Search

Intentional attention switching in dichotic listening: Exploring the efficiency of nonspatial and spatial selection

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2010-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lawo ◽  
Janina Fels ◽  
Josefa Oberem ◽  
Iring Koch
Keyword(s):  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Relevant Feature ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Feature Dimension ◽  
Listening Task

Using an auditory variant of task switching, we examined the ability to intentionally switch attention in a dichotic-listening task. In our study, participants responded selectively to one of two simultaneously presented auditory number words (spoken by a female and a male, one for each ear) by categorizing its numerical magnitude. The mapping of gender (female vs. male) and ear (left vs. right) was unpredictable. The to-be-attended feature for gender or ear, respectively, was indicated by a visual selection cue prior to auditory stimulus onset. In Experiment 1, explicitly cued switches of the relevant feature dimension (e.g., from gender to ear) and switches of the relevant feature within a dimension (e.g., from male to female) occurred in an unpredictable manner. We found large performance costs when the relevant feature switched, but switches of the relevant feature dimension incurred only small additional costs. The feature-switch costs were larger in ear-relevant than in gender-relevant trials. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings using a simplified design (i.e., only within-dimension switches with blocked dimensions). In Experiment 3, we examined preparation effects by manipulating the cueing interval and found a preparation benefit only when ear was cued. Together, our data suggest that the large part of attentional switch costs arises from reconfiguration at the level of relevant auditory features (e.g., left vs. right) rather than feature dimensions (ear vs. gender). Additionally, our findings suggest that ear-based target selection benefits more from preparation time (i.e., time to direct attention to one ear) than gender-based target selection.

scholarly journals Lack of Free Choice Reveals the Cost of Having to Search for More Than One Object

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
Christian N. L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reactive Mechanism

It is debated whether people can actively search for more than one object or whether this results in switch costs. Using a gaze-contingent eye-tracking paradigm, we revealed a crucial role for cognitive control in multiple-target search. We instructed participants to simultaneously search for two target objects presented among distractors. In one condition, both targets were available, which gave the observer free choice of what to search for and allowed for proactive control. In the other condition, only one of the two targets was available, so that the choice was imposed, and a reactive mechanism would be required. No switch costs emerged when target choice was free, but switch costs emerged reliably when targets were imposed. Bridging contradictory findings, the results are consistent with models of visual selection in which only one attentional template actively drives selection and in which the efficiency of switching targets depends on the type of cognitive control allowed for by the environment.

scholarly journals Beta and theta oscillations differentially support free versus forced control over multiple-target search

2019 ◽  
pp. 2547-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram van Driel ◽  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
Christian N. L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Target Search
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