scholarly journals Exogenous cueing modulates preference formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Giulia Rampone ◽  
Alexis Makin ◽  
Marco Bertamini
Keyword(s):  
Preference Formation ◽  
Exogenous Cueing

scholarly journals A Tale of Odds and Ratios: Political Preference Formation in Postindustrial Democracies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wineroither ◽  
Rudolf Metz
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis report surveys four approaches that are pivotal to the study of preference formation: (a) the range, validity, and theoretical foundations of explanations of political preferences at the individual and mass levels, (b) the exploration of key objects of preference formation attached to the democratic political process (i.e., voting in competitive elections), (c) the top-down vs. bottom-up character of preference formation as addressed in leader–follower studies, and (d) gene–environment interaction and the explanatory weight of genetic predisposition against the cumulative weight of social experiences.In recent years, our understanding of sites and processes of (individual) political-preference formation has substantially improved. First, this applies to a greater variety of objects that provide fresh insight into the functioning and stability of contemporary democracy. Second, we observe the reaffirmation of pivotal theories and key concepts in adapted form against widespread challenge. This applies to the role played by social stratification, group awareness, and individual-level economic considerations. Most of these findings converge in recognising economics-based explanations. Third, research into gene–environment interplay rapidly increases the number of testable hypotheses and promises to benefit a wide range of approaches already taken and advanced in the study of political-preference formation.

Preference Formation within Families

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
Gary S. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Preference Formation

Signals for threat modulate attentional capture and holding: Fear-conditioning and extinction during the exogenous cueing task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Koster ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Stefaan Van Damme ◽  
Bruno Verschuere ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Cueing Task

The early attentional pancake: Lack of selection in depth for rapid exogenous cueing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Edward O'Donnell ◽  
Kyrie Murawski ◽  
Ella Herrmann ◽  
Jesse Wisch ◽  
Garrett D. Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Depth Cueing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Attentional Selectivity

There have been conflicting findings on the degree to which exogenous/reflexive visual attention is selective for depth, and this issue has important implications for attention models. Previous findings have attempted to find depth-based cueing effects on such attention using reaction time measures for stimuli presented in stereo goggles with a display screen. Results stemming from such approaches have been mixed, depending on whether target/distractor discrimination was required. To help clarify the existence of such depth effects, we have developed a paradigm that measures accuracy rather than reaction time in an immersive virtual-reality environment, providing a more appropriate context of depth. Four modified Posner Cueing paradigms were run to test for depth-specific attentional selectivity. Participants fixated a cross while attempting to identify a rapidly masked letter that was preceded by a cue that could be valid in depth and side, depth only, or side only. In Experiment 1, a potent cueing effect was found for side validity and a weak effect was found for depth. Experiment 2 controlled for differences in cue and target sizes when presented at different depths, which caused the depth validity effect to disappear entirely even though participants were explicitly asked to report depth and the difference in virtual depth was extreme (20 vs 300 meters). Experiments 3a and 3b brought the front depth plane even closer (1 m) to maximize effects of binocular disparity, but no reliable depth cueing validity was observed. Thus, it seems that rapid/exogenous attention pancakes 3-dimensional space into a 2-dimensional reference frame.

A Review of Self Correlation Mechanism in Preference Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1452-1460
Author(s):  
Han Dong ◽  
Zhao Shuai ◽  
Li Biyang
Keyword(s):  
Preference Formation

Civic Duty and Political Preference Formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Citizen Competence ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Policy Information

While a sense of civic duty has long been perceived as important for political participation, little is known about its implications for political preference formation. I argue that civic duty has salubrious effects for opinion formation by dampening partisan distortions in decision making. I theorize that a heightened sense of civic duty stimulates a motivation to form “accurate” opinions and, in doing so, diminishes the effects of partisan motivated reasoning. Using survey experiments focused on tax and education policies, I provide evidence that when civic norms are accentuated, at times, people shirk party endorsements and incorporate substantive policy information in preference formation. The implications for citizen competence and public opinion in democratic politics are discussed.

scholarly journals Attentional biases in depression: Relation to disorder severity, rumination, and anhedonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Krings ◽  
Alexandre Heeren ◽  
Philippe Fontaine ◽  
Sylvie Blairy
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
The One

Introduction: According to cognitive models of depression, selective attentional biases (ABs) for mood-congruent information are core vulnerability factors of depression maintenance. However, findings concerning the presence of these biases in depression are mixed. This study aims to clarify the presence of these ABs among individuals with clinical and subclinical depression. Method: We compared three groups based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview and a depressive symptoms scale (BDI-II): 34 individuals with major depressive disorder (clinically depressed); 35 with a dysphoric mood but without the criteria of major depressive disorder (i.e., subclinically depressed), and 26 never been depressed individuals. We examined AB for sad and happy materials in three modified versions of the exogenous cueing task using scenes, facial expressions, and words. Brooding, anhedonia, and anxiety were also evaluated. Results: In contrast to our hypotheses, there were no ABs for negative or positive information, regardless of the task and the groups. Neither the association between AB toward negative information and brooding nor the one between AB away from positive stimuli and anhedonia was significant. Bayes factors analyses revealed that the present pattern of findings does not result from a lack of statistical power.Discussion: Our results raise questions about how common AB is in depression. From a theoretical point of view, because individuals with depression did not exhibit AB, our results also seemingly challenge the claim that AB figures prominently in the maintenance of depression. We believe the present null results to be particularly useful for future meta-research in the field.

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