Studies on Differential Proteins of Two Forms of Xenorhabdus Nematophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-455
Author(s):  
Fengqin Zhang ◽  
Yajie Guo ◽  
Xiongduo Liu ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Liuliang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophila ◽  
Tumor Drug Resistance ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Differential Proteins ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Secondary Form ◽  
Primary Form

As an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila (X. nematophila) can be parasitic in the gut of entomopathogenic nematodes. Compared with the primary form of X. nematophila, its secondary form has more differences in physiological characteristics and metabolic pathways, such as insecticide, antibacterial, anti-cancer and other functions. Many studies about the application of X. nematophila as biological agents in ecological environment have been reported. However, its pathogenic mechanism and specific functional molecules remain to be studied. Therefore, this study is dedicated to research differential proteins between the primary and the secondary bacteria with iTRAQ technique to further explore the functional mechanism and functional proteins of X. nematophila. A total number of 367 differentially expressed proteins were detected with iTRAQ technique. Besides Xenocoumacin and Xnph1 proteins that had been widely studied by some scholars, other specific proteins in primary bacteria excavated are as follows: Xcn and Xnph1 proteins with antibacterial property, proteins related to the attachment of X. nematophila to the host insects including flagellin, fimbrial adaptor, fimbrial adhesion and capsular synthesis regulator component B, glutamate synthase that plays an important role in multiple metabolic pathways in the primary bacteria, multidrug resistance secretion proteins with the property of tumor drug resistance and defense effects against cytotoxic compounds produced by normal cells and malignant cells.

scholarly journals IMMUNODIAGNOSIS IN MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1861-1866
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ratajczak ◽  
Ewa Poleszak ◽  
Tomasz Chrościcki
Keyword(s):  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Antinuclear Antibodies ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor ◽  
Secondary Form ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Receptor Antibodies ◽  
Primary Form

One of the diseases leading to chronic end-stage renal disease is membranous nephropathy (MN). The main cause of this disease is the formation of antibodies to foreign and native antigens. Membranous nephropathy can be conventionally divided into 2 types: primary form (when the primary disease is unknown) and secondary form. Detection of appropriate antibodies is one of the methods to recognize and differentiate primary and secondary forms. A large role in non-invasive diagnosis of MN and differentiation of the primary form from the secondary play antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies against granulocyte cytoplasm (ANCA), antiglomerular basement antibodies (anti-GBM) and phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (anti-PLA2R). Differentiation matters when choosing a treatment choice. In the primary form, it is immunosuppression, and in the form of secondary treatment, it consists in curing or controlling diseases that can cause symptoms of MN. The aim: Analysis of serological methods helpful in immunodiagnosis of membranous nephropathy.

scholarly journals A Review of Cytotoxic Plants of the Indian Subcontinent and a Broad-Spectrum Analysis of Their Bioactive Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Mazumder ◽  
Biswajit Biswas ◽  
Iqbal Mahmud Raja ◽  
Koichi Fukase
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives ◽  
Major Health Issue

Cancer or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a major health issue worldwide and is the second leading cause of deaths globally. The high mortality rate and toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy have encouraged the investigation of complementary and alternative treatment methods, such as plant-based drugs. Moreover, over 60% of the anti-cancer drugs are molecules derived from plants or their synthetic derivatives. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the cytotoxic plants available in the Indian subcontinent along with a description of their bio-active components. The review covers 99 plants of 57 families as well as over 110 isolated bioactive cytotoxic compounds, amongst which at least 20 are new compounds. Among the reported phytoconstituents, artemisinin, lupeol, curcumin, and quercetin are under clinical trials, while brazilin, catechin, ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, and myricetin are under pharmacokinetic development. However, for the remaining compounds, there is little or no information available. Therefore, further investigations are warranted on these subcontinent medicinal plants as an important source of novel cytotoxic agents.

scholarly journals Targeting T cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment: an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongping Yin ◽  
Ling Bai ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Tanlun Zeng ◽  
Huimin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Anti Cancer

Abstract T cells play important roles in anti-tumor immunity. Emerging evidence has revealed that distinct metabolic changes impact the activation and differentiation of T cells. Tailoring immune responses by manipulating cellular metabolic pathways and the identification of new targets may provide new options for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the metabolic reprogramming of different subtypes of T cells and T cell functions. We summarize how metabolic pathways accurately regulate T cell development, differentiation, and function in the tumor microenvironment. Because of the similar metabolism in activated T cells and tumor cells, we also describe the effect of the tumor microenvironment on T cell metabolism reprogramming, which may provide strategies for maximal anti-cancer effects and enhancing the immunity of T cells. Thus, studies of T lymphocyte metabolism can not only facilitate the basic research of immune metabolism, but also provide potential targets for drug development and new strategies for clinical treatment of cancer.

Biotinylated carboxymethyl chitosan/CaCO3 hybrid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to overcome tumor drug resistance

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (73) ◽  
pp. 69083-69093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Long Wu ◽  
Xiao-Yan He ◽  
Pei-Yuan Jiang ◽  
Meng-Qing Gong ◽  
Ren-Xi Zhuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽  
Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Tumor Drug Resistance ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Targeted Drug

A tumor targeted nano-sized self-assembled drug delivery system could efficiently co-deliver an anti-cancer drug and a drug resistance inhibitor to tumor cells and achieve an improved therapeutic efficiency through inhibition of P-gp function.

Primary and secondary effects of processing instruction on Spanish clitic pronouns

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin White
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Secondary Target ◽  
Structured Input ◽  
Target Form ◽  
Secondary Form ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Primary Form

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of token item frequency in Structured Input activities on both a primary target form (Spanish accusative clitics) and a secondary target form (Spanish dative clitics). Participants included 460 adult learners enrolled in a beginning-level Spanish language course and they were exposed to either 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 target form tokens. This study included a pretest, immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest measuring interpretation and production of both primary and secondary target forms. Findings reveal that primary form interpretation effects across all frequencies, however, production findings present themselves with the 60 and 80 token groups only. Secondary form interpretation findings reveal themselves across all frequency levels with the exception of the lowest frequency investigated (40 tokens) and secondary form production mirror those found in previous studies on the same forms. As such, we discuss the theoretical and methodological ramifications of these findings as well as directions for future research.

scholarly journals Production of cytotoxic compounds in dedifferentiated cells ofJatropha curcasL. (Euphorbiaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidro Ovando-Medina ◽  
Leny P. Pérez-Díaz ◽  
Sonia Ruiz-González ◽  
Miguel Salvador-Figueroa ◽  
Marcos E. Urbina-Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Murashige Skoog ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds ◽  
Whole Plants

This study addresses thein vitroculture as an alternative to obtain compounds with cytotoxic activity from the medicinal plantJatropha curcas(Euphorbiaceae). We determined the presence of cytotoxic compounds in both whole plants and dedifferentiated cells. We evaluated the effect of auxin, cytokinins and light on callus induction in cotyledon explants. We found that the most effective combination to induce callus was the auxin 2,4-D (5 mM) with the cytokinin 6-BAP (2.5 mM), on Murashige-Skoog medium in darkness. We compared the callogenic potential among accessions from different geographic origins, finding that ARR-251107-MFG7 is most prone to form callus. The roots ofJ. curcasgrown in field produced a compound chromatographically similar to the cytotoxic diterpene jatrophone. The profile of compounds extracted from the dedifferentiated cells was similar to that of the whole plant, including a relatively abundant stilbene-like compound. This study contributes to the future establishment of protocols to produce anti-cancer compounds fromJ. curcascultivated in vitro.

scholarly journals Targeting Cellular Metabolism Modulates Head and Neck Oncogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ta Hsieh ◽  
Yi-Fen Chen ◽  
Shu-Chun Lin ◽  
Kuo-Wei Chang ◽  
Wan-Chun Li
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cancer Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Great Energy

Considering the great energy and biomass demand for cell survival, cancer cells exhibit unique metabolic signatures compared to normal cells. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms worldwide. Recent findings have shown that environmental challenges, as well as intrinsic metabolic manipulations, could modulate HNSCC experimentally and serve as clinic prognostic indicators, suggesting that a better understanding of dynamic metabolic changes during HNSCC development could be of great benefit for developing adjuvant anti-cancer schemes other than conventional therapies. However, the following questions are still poorly understood: (i) how does metabolic reprogramming occur during HNSCC development? (ii) how does the tumorous milieu contribute to HNSCC tumourigenesis? and (iii) at the molecular level, how do various metabolic cues interact with each other to control the oncogenicity and therapeutic sensitivity of HNSCC? In this review article, the regulatory roles of different metabolic pathways in HNSCC and its microenvironment in controlling the malignancy are therefore discussed in the hope of providing a systemic overview regarding what we knew and how cancer metabolism could be translated for the development of anti-cancer therapeutic reagents.

scholarly journals Anti-Cancer Drug Sensitivity Assay with Quantitative Heterogeneity Testing Using Single-Cell Raman Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Xu ◽  
Yuezhou Yu ◽  
Wenhao Shang ◽  
Anpei Ye
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds

A novel anti-cancer drug sensitivity testing (DST) approach was developed based on in vitro single-cell Raman spectrum intensity (RSI). Generally, the intensity of Raman spectra (RS) for a single living cell treated with drugs positively relates to the sensitivity of the cells to the drugs. In this study, five cancer cell lines (BGC 823, SGC 7901, MGC 803, AGS, and NCI-N87) were exposed to three cytotoxic compounds or to combinations of these compounds, and then they were evaluated for their responses with RSI. The results of RSI were consistent with conventional DST methods. The parametric correlation coefficient for the RSI and Methylthiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTT) was 0.8558 ± 0.0850, and the coefficient of determination was calculated as R2 = 0.9529 ± 0.0355 for fitting the dose–response curve. Moreover, RSI data for NCI-N87 cells treated by trastuzumab, everolimus (cytostatic), and these drugs in combination demonstrated that the RSI method was suitable for testing the sensitivity of cytostatic drugs. Furthermore, a heterogeneity coefficient H was introduced for quantitative characterization of the heterogeneity of cancer cells treated by drugs. The largest possible variance between RSs of cancer cells were quantitatively obtained using eigenvalues of principal component analysis (PCA). The ratio of H between resistant cells and sensitive cells was greater than 1.5, which suggested the H-value was effective to describe the heterogeneity of cancer cells. Briefly, the RSI method might be a powerful tool for simple and rapid detection of the sensitivity of tumor cells to anti-cancer drugs and the heterogeneity of their responses to these drugs.

Synthesis, Biological Investigation and Docking Study of Novel Chromen Derivatives as Anti-Cancer Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1150-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritam N. Dube ◽  
Nikhil S. Sakle ◽  
Sachin A. Dhawale ◽  
Shweta A. More ◽  
Santosh N. Mokale
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Docking Study ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Positive ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds ◽  
Cancer Activity ◽  
Mcf 7

Background: According to the latest global cancer data, cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. Among that female breast cancer ranks as the fifth leading cause of death (627000 deaths, 6.6%). The main causative factor involved in breast cancer development and progression is the Estrogen Receptor (ER) which is the essential target for anti-cancer drug discovery. Since millennia ER-α has been considered as an oncology mark for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: A series of novel 6-methyl-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-3-(4-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)propyl)-2Hchromen- 2-one was designed, synthesized and screened for their anti-breast cancer activity against estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7, ZR-75-1 and negative MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cell lines. Estrogen level of all the potent cytotoxic compounds were measured on day 30 of intoxication was compared with the control and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) group. The docking study was performed to predict binding orientation towards the estrogen receptor-α. Results: Among the synthesized compounds C-3, C-5 and C-15 were showing potent cytotoxicity against estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7. The potent cytotoxic compounds C-3, C-5 and C-15 were further evaluated for in vivo anti-cancer activity by MNU induced mammary carcinoma in female sprague-dawley rats. The in vivo anticancer activity result shows that the compound C-5 has protuberant affinity towards estrogen receptor as standard TAM (Tamoxifen). The docking of the synthesized chromen derivatives showed interaction modes comparable to that of the co-crystallized ligands. Conclusion: The designed class has very promising starting point for the development and further improvement in anti-breast cancer class of drugs.

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