scholarly journals Habitualne czasowniki wyrażające czystą kauzację w języku bułgarskim: w ujęciu syntaktyczno-leksykograficznym

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Lubomir Banasiak
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Different Types

Habitual Verbs Expressing Pure Causativity in the Bulgarian Language: A Syntactic-Lexicographic ApproachThis article presents the semantics and syntax of habitual verbs expressing pure causativity in Bulgarian. The linguistic data is modelled according to the predicate-argument theory with a particular focus on syntactic condensation processes. The lexical units under investigation are presented in the form of a semantic-syntactic dictionary with examples of different types of formalisations of the two opened argument positions (“cause” and “effect”). The latter of the two positions is less compatible with non-abstract nouns as the only formal exponent of the proposition. The following units were selected for the study: Bul. води, довежда, докарва, идва от (причината), предизвиква, причинява, произлиза, произтича. Habitualne czasowniki wyrażające czystą kauzację w języku bułgarskim: w ujęciu syntaktyczno-leksykograficznymW artykule omówiono semantykę i składnię habitualnych czasowników wyrażających czystą kauzację w języku bułgarskim. Dane językowe zostały wymodelowane w oparciu o teorię predykatowo-argumentową ze szczególnym naciskiem położonym na procesy kondensacji syntaktycznej. Zbadane jednostki zostały zaprezentowane w formie semantyczno-syntaktycznego słownika z przykładami różnych typów formalizacji obu otwartych pozycji argumentowych („przyczyny” i „skutku”). Druga z omawianych pozycji jest mniej kompatybilna z rzeczownikami nieabstrakcyjnymi w funkcji jedynego wykładnika propozycji. Do badania wybrano następujące jednostki: bg. води, довежда, докарва, идва от (причината), предизвиква, причинява, произлиза, произтича.

scholarly journals Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Kalbotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (70) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan ◽  
Audronė Šolienė
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Language

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

The Language of Process in Ford's The Broken Heart

PMLA ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Thelma N. Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Verb Forms

The language of Ford's The Broken Heart, unlike that of his other plays, mainly explains the inevitable operation of the processes that the play dramatizes, delineating cause and effect in feelings and actions. The indicative names signify what their bearers have become within the chain of causality. The beginning of the play is heavily explanatory and characters continue throughout to explain what they and others do and have become. Many of these speeches are imprecise: groping, periphrastic, ambiguous syntactically, and metaphorically unstable. The words, furthermore, describe experience rather than become a part of it. Short, direct statements bring the longer passages to rest, the two styles forming a rhythmical unit yet balancing each other and providing a sense of things unsaid. Especially distinctive are verb forms that concretize interaction among abstract nouns to explain how and why things happen. Some are reiterated as key words indicative of the pattern of the whole. The language of ceremonies, violated and reshaped into antithetical ceremonies, particularly those of propitiation and sacrifice, gives form and significance to the pattern of causation and intensifies as the play moves to its conclusion. Through his language, Ford controls any tendency to melodrama and harmonizes surprise with inevitability, narrowness with range, and explicitness with implication.

Internal motivations and formal approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-221
Author(s):  
Anne Breitbarth ◽  
Christopher Lucas ◽  
David Willis
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
First Language ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

This chapter argues that, while the creation of indefinites from generic nouns is grammaticalization in the form of upwards reanalysis from N to R, the quantifier and free-choice cycles do not in fact constitute instances of grammaticalization. Indefinites restricted to stronger negative-polarity contexts are not more functional than indefinites licensed in weaker negative-polarity contexts. Rather, it is argued that implicational semantic features requiring roofing by different types of operators situated in the Q head of indefinites, and in particular the way they are acquired in first language acquisition, are responsible for the diachronic developments. Negative concord items arise through an acquisitional mechanism maximizing the number of agreement relations in the acquired grammar consistent with the primary linguistic data.

scholarly journals Churchill’s reflection discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Nataliia Bazylevych ◽  
Vira Nikonova
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Space ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Different Types

Abstract This study presents the results of a cognitive analysis of Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs at the textual, lingual and conceptual levels in order to interpret the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse. The scope of the present research covers Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs as one of the most fruitful types of literary text with regard to the realization of reflection, which is organically interwoven into his texts. The study is done by means of complex analysis with the application of discourse, textual, semantic, cognitive, and conceptual analyses. In the process of the investigation, it was found that Churchill’s reflection discourse represents a special form of language use that discloses a cognitive personality type, which is characterized by the prevalence of logical, deductive and cause-and-effect reasoning. The conceptual space of Churchill’s reflection discourse is constructed as a network model which represents different types of relations among the reflection concepts (subordination, identity, spatial, associative, subjective-and-causative, opposition, causativeand-resultative, attributive, qualitative, attributive-and-possessive, attributive-and-appositive, partitive, functional, reversive-and-functional, paradoxical, and dependency). The verbalization of the reflection concepts actualizes the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse and helps determine the dominant messages implied in Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs.

scholarly journals Linguistic synaesthesia, perceptual synaesthesia, and the interaction between multiple sensory modalities

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ronga ◽  
Carla Bazzanella ◽  
Ferdinando Rossi ◽  
Giandomenico Iannetti
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Reciprocal Influences ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Critical Aspects

Recent studies on cortical processing of sensory information highlight the importance of multisensory integration, and define precise rules governing reciprocal influences between inputs of different sensory modalities. We propose that psychophysical interactions between different types of sensory stimuli and linguistic synaesthesia share common origins and mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we compare neurophysiological findings with corpus-based analyses relating to linguistic synaesthesia. Namely, we present Williams’ hypothesis and its recent developments about the hierarchy of synaesthetic pairings, and examine critical aspects of this theory concerning universality, directionality, sensory categories, and usage of corpora. These theoretical issues are verified against linguistic data derived from corpus-based analyses of Italian synaesthetic pairings related to auditory and tactile modalities. Our findings reveal a strong parallel between linguistic synaesthesia and neurophysiological interactions between different sensory stimuli, suggesting that linguistic synaesthesia is affected by tendencies similar to the rules underlying the perceptual association of distinct sensory modalities.

The analysis of meaning between language and culture in the tourism domain

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Manca
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Intercultural Studies ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Concrete Nouns ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between language and culture is an interplay between linguistic choices and cultural filters; if we accept that language is an expression of culture, i.e. of the beliefs, customs, behaviours and rituals constituting the cultural identity of a group of people, then it is crucial that phraseology and cultural features are not separated in the analysis and production of meaning. This paper aims to combine two different methodological approaches to the study of meaning (Manca 2008, 2009): the Corpus Linguistics approach within the framework of John Sinclair’s view of language (1991, 1996) and the Intercultural Studies approach based on Hall’s ([1976] 1989) theories and Katan’s (2004, 2006) framework of High and Low Context Cultures features in transactional communication. The two levels of analysis allow the researcher to carry out both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Examples that show the validity of this combined approach will be derived from a number of corpora of different subsections of the British and Italian languages of tourism. We will see that the two cultures tend to adopt different types of promotion in terms of linguistic devices (for example use of concrete nouns vs. abstract nouns) and features of description along a continuum which sees at one extreme explicitness and simple facts and at the other extreme implicitness, feelings and opinions.

scholarly journals Reconceptualizing the notion of relations underlying performance measurement models

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syrus Islam
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Novel Concept

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reconceptualize the notion of relations underlying performance measurement models (PMMs) and explicate the ample exciting research opportunities that this reconceptualized viewpoint offers. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper, which primarily builds on and extends the contemporary research that challenges the traditional viewpoint that cause-and-effect relations are a necessary element of every PMM. Findings The reconceptualized viewpoint suggests that a PMM can be built on any combination of cause-and-effect, finality and logical relations, as opposed to only cause-and-effect relations. This paper presents several exciting research opportunities that the reconceptualized perspective offers. Originality/value The different types of relations underlying PMMs and their appropriate validation techniques are a relatively novel concept and also, a complex phenomenon which has received very limited attention in the accounting literature. This paper extends this nascent literature by outlining the research implications of this novel concept.

scholarly journals Figures of contrast as a means of the ironic characterization of the characters in I. Ilf and E. Petrov’s novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Alla Gabidullina ◽  
◽  
Milena Stetsiura ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Final Part ◽  
Golden Calf ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Referential Ambiguity

The present paper is aimed to analyse the figures of contrast used to ironically portray the characters in the novels written by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. It is worth noting that the contrast in both novels under consideration, i.e. “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf” acts both as a compositional principle for constructing a text, visual and expressive means, and as a semantic dominant of the work. It covers consistent and unequivocal speech images, the semantic and stylistic system of works, and it is reflected in numerous figures and tropes, which are organized here in two ways: opposites and contradictions. In the novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”, relying on the principle of contrast, the author satirically depicts the soviet bureaucracy, people’s love of slogans and posters, the unstableness and the poverty, the pathological passion for free money, etc. The reader sees the rambling gallery where the people possess narrow interests and worthless values. It should be said that among the opposite figures, the antithesis stands out in the novels and lexical antonyms, converse terms and enantiosemy are the lexical means of its creation. Such figures of contrast as syncrisis (mukabala), paradiastole, diathesis, acrothesis, diaphora and ploka are widely used. A rather rare figure of opposition – alloise, emphasizing the dissimilarity in the similar is skillfully used by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. The authors also do not neglect the false oppositeness, when the final part of the statement seemingly contradicts the initial one in form, but in reality develops and strengthens it. Among the figures of contrast oxymoron, catachreza, antiphrasis, different types of paradox are the most common in I. Ilf and E. Petrov’s works. Paradox can be created by absurd comparisons, absurd hyperbole. The statements, in which the cause and effect relationships are violated, occur quite often, and as a result, the conclusion does not follow from the premise. The referential ambiguity of objects is based on the communicative-pragmatic paradox that relflects the discrepancy between the interlocutors’ illocutionary forces. The prospects of further research suggest the creation of a gallery of satirical linguistic portraits in the above-mentioned novels.

Quantitative Derivation in Morphology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianina Iordăchioaia
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Count Nouns ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Semantic Notion ◽  
Collective Meaning

In linguistics, the study of quantity is concerned with the behavior of expressions that refer to amounts in terms of the internal structure of objects and events, their spatial or temporal extension (as duration and boundedness), their qualifying properties, as well as how these aspects interact with each other and other linguistic phenomena. Quantity is primarily manifest in language for the lexical categories of noun, verb, and adjective/ adverb. For instance, the distinction between mass and count nouns is essentially quantitative: it indicates how nominal denotation is quantized—as substance (e.g., water, sand) or as an atomic individual (e.g., book, boy). Similarly, the aspectual classes of verbs, such as states (know), activities (run), accomplishments (drown), achievements (notice), and semelfactives (knock) represent quantitatively different types of events. Adjectives and adverbs may lexically express quantities in relation to individuals, respectively, events (e.g., little, enough, much, often), and one might argue that numerals (two, twenty) are intrinsic quantitative expressions. Quantitative derivation refers to the use of derivational affixes to encode quantity in language. For instance, the English suffix -ful attaches to a noun N1 to derive another noun N2, such that N2 denotes the quantity that fits in the container denoted by N1. N2 also employs a special use in quantitative constructions: see hand—a handful of berries. The challenge for the linguistic description of quantity is that it often combines with other linguistic notions such as evaluation, intensification, quality, and it does not have a specific unitary realization—it is usually auxiliary on other more established notions. Quantitative affixes either have limited productivity or their primary use is for other semantic notions. For instance, the German suffix ‑schaft typically forms abstract nouns as in Vaterschaft ‘fatherhood’, but has a (quantity-related) collective meaning in Lehrerschaft ‘lecturer staff’; compare English -hood in childhood and the collective neighborhood. This diversity makes quantity difficult to capture systematically, in spite of its pervasiveness as a semantic notion.

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