scholarly journals From Local Community to Glocal Network: Place, Memory, and Identity Politics among the “Jews of Trikala” and Their Diaspora (Greece)

2019 ◽  
pp. 247-280
Author(s):  
Theodoros A. Spyros

From Local Community to Glocal Network: Place, Memory, and Identity Politics among the “Jews of Trikala” and Their Diaspora (Greece)In this paper I present some initial findings from my multilocal ethnographic and ethnohistorical research on the “Trikalan Jews”, i.e. Jews living in or originating from Trikala, a city in the Thessaly region of central Greece. In particular, my research focuses on two axes: the historical processes of community formation and its social transition after World War II as well as the recent sense of belonging of the potential members of that “community” and the ways they experience and negotiate their collective memory and identity.On a theoretical level, the first hypothesis grounded in the field is that the “community” tends to appropriate/be appropriated by subjects who currently live “elsewhere”. In this sense, it is reproduced as a glocal network in which Jewishness and locality are interconnected, experienced, and performed in multiple, fluid, and often fragmented ways. On a methodological level, my research is based on the fundamental techniques of ethnographic and ethnohistorical research which have been adapted to the conditions and restraints of a multilocal field.From the research we can assume that the Holocaust resulted in the extermination of an important part of the Trikalan Jewish community, while post-war emigration led to its gradual social disintegration, diffusion, and integration to broader ethnoreligious and national realities. Today this glocal “community” has imaginary, symbolic, and ceremonial rather than “practical” sociocultural dimensions. However, the recording, “rescue” and disclosure of communal history, memory and “cultural heritage” compose a fundamental field for the reconstitution of the bonds between the potential members of the “community” and thus for its reconstruction as a glocalized network of sociocultural interaction. Από την τοπική κοινότητα στο παγκοσμιο-τοπικό δίκτυο: Τόπος, μνήμη και πολιτικές της ταυτότητας στους Εβραίους των Τρικάλων και τη Διασπορά τουςΣτο παρόν άρθρο παρουσιάζω ορισμένα πρώτα ευρήματα από την πολυ-τοπική εθνογραφική και εθνοϊστορική μου έρευνα στους Εβραίους των Τρικάλων. Η έρευνα κινείται σε δύο άξονες. Ο πρώτος αφορά στις ιστορικές διαδικασίες συγκρότησης και κοινωνικού μετασχηματισμού της κοινότητας μετά τον 2ο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Ο δεύτερος διερευνά την αίσθηση του ανήκειν μεταξύ των εν δυνάμει μελών της «κοινότητας» και τους τρόπους που αυτά βιώνουν και διαπραγματεύονται σήμερα τη συλλογική τους μνήμη και ταυτότητα.Σε θεωρητικό επίπεδο, μια πρώτη υπόθεση, είναι ότι η «κοινότητα» έχει την τάση να οικειοποιείται (αλλά επίσης γίνεται αντικείμενο οικειοποίησης από) υποκείμενα που ζουν σήμερα «αλλού». Υπό αυτή την έννοια, αναπαράγεται ως ένα παγκοσμιο-τοπικό δίκτυο, εντός του οποίου η Εβραϊκότητα και η τοπικότητα διασυνδέονται, βιώνονται και επιτελούνται με πολλαπλούς, ρευστούς και συχνά αποσπασματικούς τρόπους. Σε μεθοδολογικό επίπεδο, η έρευνά μου βασίζεται στις βασικές τεχνικές της εθνογραφικής και εθνοϊστορικής έρευνας, προσαρμοσμένες στις ανάγκες και τους περιορισμούς ενός πολυ-τοπικού ερευνητικού πεδίου.Από την έρευνα προκύπτει ότι το Ολοκαύτωμα είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την εξόντωση και τον αφανισμό ενός σημαντικού τμήματος της τρικαλινής εβραϊκής κοινότητας, ενώ η μεταπολεμική μετανάστευση που ακολούθησε οδήγησε στη σταδιακή κοινωνική αποδιοργάνωση, τη διάχυση και την ενσωμάτωση της σε ευρύτερες εθνο-θρησκευτικές και εθνικές πραγματικότητες. Σήμερα, αυτή η «παγκοσμιο-τοπική κοινότητα» έχει περισσότερο φαντασιακές και συμβολικές, παρά «πρακτικές» κοινωνικο-πολιτισμικές διαστάσεις. Ωστόσο, η καταγραφή, «διάσωση» και δημοσιοποίηση της ιστορίας, της μνήμης και της πολιτισμικής της «κληρονομιάς» συγκροτούν ένα θεμελιώδες πεδίο για την αποκατάσταση των δεσμών μεταξύ των εν δυνάμει μελών της και την ανασυγκρότησή της ως ενός παγκοσμιο-τοπικοποιημένου δικτύου. Υπό αυτή την έννοια, η «Τρικαλινή Εβραϊκή Διασπορά» αποτελεί για τους ντόπιους Εβραίους τη θεμελιώδη πηγή προσδοκιών για τη μελλοντική επιβίωση της κοινότητάς τους. Od społeczności lokalnej do glokalnej sieci: miejsce, pamięć i polityka tożsamości wśród Żydów z Trikali oraz ich diasporyW artykule prezentuję wstępne rozpoznania z mojego multilokalnego etnograficznego i etnohistorycznego badania Żydów z Trikali, tzn. Żydów żyjących lub pochodzących z Trikali, miasta w Tesali w Grecji Środkowej. W szczególności, moje badania skupiają się na dwóch osiach: (1) historycznym procesie kształtowania się tożsamości i zmianach w społeczności po drugiej wojnie światowej oraz (2) na poczuciu przynależności potencjalnych członków tej społeczności i sposobach, w których dziś doświadczają i negocjują oni zbiorową pamięć i tożsamość.Na poziomie teoretycznym, pierwszą przyjętą hipotezą jest to, że „społeczność” ma tendencję do zawłaszczania podmiotów żyjących „gdzie indziej”, jak i do bycia przez nie zawłaszczaną. Zatem jest ona reprodukowana jako sieć glokalna, w której żydowskość i lokalność są łączone, doświadczane i odtwarzane na wielorakie, płynne i często fragmentaryczne sposoby. Na poziomie metodologicznym, moje badania opierają się na podstawowych technikach badań etnograficznych i etnohistorycznych, które zostały zaadaptowane do warunków i ograniczeń obszaru multilokalnego.Badania prowadzą do wniosku, że Zagłada przyniosła eksterminację ważnej części społeczności Żydów z Trikali, podczas gdy powojenne migracje prowadziły do jej stopniowej dezintegracji, rozproszenia i włączenia do szerszych realiów [systemów] etnoreligijnych i narodowych. Dziś owa „światowo-lokalna społeczność” ma raczej wyobrażony i symboliczny niż „praktyczny” społeczno-kulturowy wymiar. Jednakże spisanie, „ocalenie” i publikacja historii, pamięci i „kulturowego dziedzictwa” stanowią fundamentalny obszar dla rekonstrukcji więzi między potencjalnymi członkami społeczności, a zatem jej odbudowania jako zglokalizowanej sieci interakcji socjo-kulturowych.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-70
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  

Complex socio-historical processes and turning epochs, as well as numerous segments that are an integral part of people's lives, are the subject of interdisciplinary studies. War is one of the most dramatic, most complex social phenomena. In addition to armed operations, there are a number of other dimensions related to war, starting from psychological, legal, sociological, social, economic, cultural to others. Critical and multiple perspectives contribute to the completion of images of politics, wars and their relations. The disintegrations of the ideological paradigm and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were accompanied by the (re)construction of new national identities, the outbreak and duration of „wars“ of different memories, the reshaping of consciousness and the re-examination of history, especially those related to World War II. The history of that war in Yugoslavia was undoubtedly the history of several wars which were stacked on top of each other. The main issue with Bosniaks in that war is a multiperspectival topic that requires a multidimensional and deideologized presentation of the position and the position of all involved actors. Numerous issues related to that war, the complex position of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak, the emergence of civic responsibility, Bosniak protection of the vulnerable Serb Orthodox population, humanity and assistance, beyond post-war ideological premises and „official truths“ remained more or less marginalized, although they seek more objective and complete answers from multiple angles, for the sake of a more complete view of the past. What is called „local“ or „regional history“, as evidenced by diverse experiences, indicates the multidimensionality of the past, its features and specifics in a certain area. The Second World War in Sandžak could not be understood more objectively outside the broader Yugoslav context. This is also special for the history of Novi Pazar, the largest city in Sandžak which was the subject of many different political plans and conceptions. The history of this city has several sections. After the withdrawal of German forces from Novi Pazar, the Chetniks tried to conquer this city for three times in the fall of 1941. However, thanks to the dedicated defense and the help of Albanian armed groups from Kosovo, Bosniaks managed to defend themselves and Novi Pazar. Even in such a dramatic situation, numerous examples of humanity, solidarity and assistance of Bosniaks to the intimidated Serb urban population have been recorded. In the most difficult days of the war, when Novi Pazar was exposed to Chetnik attacks, a significant part of Bosniaks took actions to prevent anarchy, to save Serbs from terror and revenge. The task of science is to constantly discover forgotten and unknown parts of the past, to re-examine previous knowledge. Everything that happened has a whole range of perspectives. It is necessary to have a multidimensional understanding of the causes and course of events, circuits and time limits, to explain narrowed alternatives. Any reduction of historical totality to only one dimension is problematic. Every nation, every state, in a way, write their „histories“, remember different personalities, events, dates, emphasize various roles, perpetuates monuments, emphatize with different causes and consequences. Contemporary abuses of the interpretation of the war past, one-sided approaches, fierce prejucides and quasi-historical analyzes in the service of the politics damage interethic relations and lead to further growth of tensions and distancing between nations and states in their region.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Anja Tippner

The last two decades have seen a rising interest in the Holocaust and the expulsion of ethnic Germans after World War II in Czech literature. Novels by Hana Androníková, Radka Denemarková, Magdalena Platzová, Kateřina Tučková, and Jáchym Topol share a quest for a new poetics of remembrance. Informed by contemporary discussions about Czech memory politics, these novels are characterised by spectral visions of Germans and Jews alike, a dichotomy of trauma and nostalgia, and an understanding of Czech history as postcatastrophically entangled and thus calling for multidirectional forms of remembrance. In this respect, literary memorial forms compensate for the absence of other memorial forms addressing these topics through a transnational lens. The interaction of different historical points of view is achieved by a time frame extending from the war to the present day and stressing the intercultural dynamics of Czechs, Jews, and Germans retroactively. In order to illustrate this entanglement, authors make use of popular genres, such as romance, and create texts shaped by genre fluidity, memory theory, documentary practices, and concepts of transnationality.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Young

Without direct reference to the Holocaust or its contemporary “counter-monuments,” Michael Arad’s design for the National 9/11 Memorial at Ground Zero is nonetheless inflected by an entire post-war generation’s formal preoccupation with loss, absence, and regeneration. This is also a preoccupation they share with post-Holocaust poets, philosophers, artists, and composers: how to articulate a void without filling it in? How to formalize irreparable loss without seeming to repair it? In this article, I imagine an arc of memorial forms over the last 70 years or so and how, in fact, post-World War I and World War II memorials have evolved along a discernible path, all with visual and conceptual echoes of their predecessors. As Maya Lin’s design for the Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial was informed by earlier World War I and even World War II memorial vernaculars, her design also broke the mold that made Holocaust counter-memorials and other negative-form memorials possible.


2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sztop-Rutkowska ◽  
Maciej Białous

The article presents the results of empirical research concerning the collective memory in Białystok and Lublin – two largest cities in the Eastern Poland. Before World War II they were multi-ethnic cities with big and important communities of Poles, Jews, Germans, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Their contemporary ethnic structure was formed as a result of World War II, in particular the Holocaust, post-war border shifts and intense migration from the countryside to the city in the next decades. Both Białystok and Lublin are an example of the typical cities in Central and Eastern Europe, which after World War II the memory politics was built on in the completely new political and social circumstances. We aim to confront the contemporary official memory of the cities, transmitted by major public institutions and the vernacular memories of their present inhabitants. Straipsnyje pristatomi Balstogės ir Liublino – dviejų didžiausių Rytų Lenkijos miestų kolektyvinės atminties empirinio tyrimo rezultatai. Prieš Antrąjį pasaulinį karą tai buvo daugiaetniniai miestai, turintys dideles ir svarbias lenkų, žydų, vokiečių, ukrainiečių ir baltarusių bendruomenes. Šių miestų šiuolaikinė struktūra susiformavo kaip Antrojo pasaulinio karo, ypač holokausto, sienų persislinkimų pokario metu ir vėlesniais dešimtmečiais vykusios intensyvios migracijos iš kaimo į miestus, rezultatas. Tiek Balstogė, tiek Liublinas yra tipiški Vidurio ir Rytų Europos miestų pavyzdžiai, kurių atminties politika po Antrojo pasaulinio karo buvo kuriama visiškai naujomis politinėmis ir socialinėmis aplinkybėmis. Straipsnyje siekiama palyginti šiuolaikinę oficialią šių miestų atmintį, kurios reguliavimas perduotas pagrindinėms viešosioms institucijoms, ir dabartinių miestų gyventojų vietines atmintis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17

The study deals with existential motifs in selected fiction and memoir works of Slovak literature, which thematically focus on World War II. and the Holocaust of the Slovak Jewish minority. As we considered the fact that many works of Slovak provenance with this issue were published (especially after 1989), we focused only on a selection of those works, which contains fiction and non-fiction literature and memoir works written by surviving Jews, in which they gave valuable testimony about the Holocaust and anti-Semitism of the war-torn Slovak state and post-war society. Based on the interpretation and analysis of Shoah-themed works, we detect recurring existential motifs: degradation of human dignity, feelings of guilt for one's own survival, Auschwitz traumas, and the motif of The Lost Generation.


2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-410
Author(s):  
Frances Guerin

This article examines the photographs of Joachim Schumacher for their vision of a landscape haunted by the forgotten, the silenced and the increasingly invisible lives erased by the re-articulation of Germany’s Ruhr region. The article places Schumacher’s work in relationship to post-war German photography, both that which imagines the memories of World War II and the Holocaust, as well as the 1980s urban photographs of the Düsseldorf School photographers. Within this context, Schumacher’s photographs are understood for their location of place and history on the revitalized Ruhr landscape. In addition, the article considers the photographs in relationship to the New Topographics to demonstrate their simultaneous placelessness. In this international context, Schumacher’s photographs can be seen as indicative of a European placelessness that has emerged in the wake of the closure of mining and industry.


1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. LEVAV ◽  
R. KOHN ◽  
S. SCHWARTZ

Numerous studies conducted in clinical and community settings by researchers from different countries over a period of almost five decades, have conclusively shown protracted and disabling psychiatric effects among World War II Holocaust victims, formerly known as the concentration camp syndrome (e.g. Matussek, 1975; Eitinger & Krell, 1985; Eitinger & Major, 1993; Levav, 1998). The multiple and brutal trauma endured by the survivors during the war years were further compounded by earlier systematic discrimination, and by exhausting socio-political events and pogroms that followed liberation by the Allies. In this latter period survivors had to learn the fate of their spouses, children, parents, other relatives and friends. Hastily contracted post-war marriages were likely intended both to cope with feelings of extreme loneliness and to recreate a social support group that would buttress survival.Given the above, many observers hypothesized that, among other impaired abilities, survivors would evidence a deficit in their parenting functions. As one author noted 25 years ago: ‘Survivors are now beginning to bring their children to our clinics. In retrospect one should not be surprised at this because of the nature and severity of the psychological effects of the persecution, and because the emotional state of the parents has some bearing on the development of the child …’ (Sigal, 1971). Several mediating mechanisms that affected the survivors' family as a functioning unit were postulated by the examining clinicians, such as over-involvement, withdrawal, inability to exert control, parental affective unavailability, undue degree of preoccupation with past experiences, and an inability to cope with mourning and bereavement (Klein, 1973; Levine, 1982; Sigal & Weinfeld, 1989). Other imputed mechanisms referred to psychological processes taking place during child development, such as difficulties in the individuation-separation phase (Freyberg, 1980).


2016 ◽  
pp. 425-434
Author(s):  
Dan Michman

The percentage of victimization of Dutch Jewry during the Shoah is the highest of Western, Central and Southern Europe (except, perhaps of Greece), and close to the Polish one: 75%, more than 104.000 souls. The question of disproportion between the apparent favorable status of the Jews in society – they had acquired emancipation in 1796 - and the disastrous outcome of the Nazi occupation as compared to other countries in general and Western European in particular has haunted Dutch historiography of the Shoah. Who should be blamed for that outcome: the perpetrators, i.e. the Germans, the bystanders, i.e. the Dutch or the victims, i.e. the Dutch Jews? The article first surveys the answers given to this question since the beginnings of Dutch Holocaust historiography in the immediate post-war period until the debates of today and the factors that influenced the shaping of some basic perceptions on “Dutch society and the Jews”. It then proceeds to detailing several facts from the Holocaust period that are essential for an evaluation of gentile attitudes. The article concludes with the observation that – in spite of ongoing debates – the overall picture which has accumulated after decades of research will not essentially being altered. Although the Holocaust was initiated, planned and carried out from Berlin, and although a considerable number of Dutchmen helped and hid Jews and the majority definitely despised the Germans, considerable parts of Dutch society contributed to the disastrous outcome of the Jewish lot in the Netherlands – through a high amount of servility towards the German authorities, through indifference when Jewish fellow-citizens were persecuted, through economically benefiting from the persecution and from the disappearance of Jewish neighbors, and through actual collaboration (stemming from a variety of reasons). Consequently, the picture of the Holocaust in the Netherlands is multi-dimensional, but altogether puzzling and not favorable.


2008 ◽  
pp. 177-205
Author(s):  
Adam Kopciowski

In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Jenness

This paper explores the way American intellectuals depicted Sigmund Freud during the peak of popularity and prestige of psychoanalysis in the US, roughly the decade and a half following World War II. These intellectuals insisted upon the unassailability of Freud's mind and personality. He was depicted as unsusceptible to any external force or influence, a trait which was thought to account for Freud's admirable comportment as a scientist, colleague and human being. This post-war image of Freud was shaped in part by the Cold War anxiety that modern individuality was imperilled by totalitarian forces, which could only be resisted by the most rugged of selves. It was also shaped by the unique situation of the intellectuals themselves, who were eager to position themselves, like the Freud they imagined, as steadfastly independent and critical thinkers who would, through the very clarity of their thought, lead America to a more robust democracy.


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