scholarly journals Płeć kulturowa jako kategoria historyczna. Relacje między medyczną koncepcją ciała a pojęciem płci kulturowej

Adeptus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Buczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Shift ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Medical Idea

Gender as the historical category: Relations between the medical conception of the body and the notion of genderThe article touches on the relation between gender and the medical conception of the body in the context of historical changes. The oldest European conception of gender was linked to ontic inequality, which corresponded to one-gender idea of the body in medicine. From the eighteenth century on, the medical conception of the body started to change, and the idea of two-gender body started spreading. The body of women started to be perceived as the different “other.” That change was accompanied by social and cultural shift and one of its consequences was the emergence of women’s group identity. The latest medical idea is personalized medicine, and the body is an element of the culture of individualization. Judging by the recent changes in the medical conception of the body, we are probably witnessing a change in the idea of gender – namely its dispersion. Płeć kulturowa jako kategoria historyczna. Relacje między medyczną koncepcją ciała a pojęciem płci kulturowejArtykuł dotyczy relacji pomiędzy pojęciem płci kulturowej a medyczną koncepcją ciała w kontekście zmian historycznych. Najstarsza w kulturze europejskiej koncepcja płci kulturowej wiązana była z nierównością ontyczną, co odpowiadało jednopłciowej koncepcji ciała w medycynie. Zmiana zaczęła następować od osiemnastego wieku, gdy w medycynie zaczęła się rozpowszechniać koncepcja ciała dwupłciowego, w którym kobiece ciało było traktowane jako inne. Tej zmianie towarzyszyły szerokie zmiany społeczne oraz w konsekwencji powstanie grupowej tożsamości kobiet. Najnowsze koncepcje medycyny personalizowanej wskazują na indywidualizację ciała. Towarzyszy temu zmiana kulturowa polegająca na coraz wyraźniejszym akcentowaniu indywidualności ciała. Przyjmując za punkty wyjścia zmiany pojmowania ciała w medycynie, prawdopodobnie jesteśmy świadkami zmiany pojęcia płci kulturowej – jej rozproszenia.

Locating the Historical and Contemporary Context of Women’s Imprisonment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Chamberlen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
Women's Prisons ◽  
Women's Imprisonment ◽  
Contemporary Context

This chapter sketches the broader context of the study presented in this book. It starts with a historical account of imprisonment, focusing particularly on women’s imprisonment, and attempts to trace the centrality of prisoner bodies in the delivery of punishment via the prison since the eighteenth century. Through this brief historiography, it examines how the body has been the object and subject of punishment and, since the start, has been part and parcel of the delivery of imprisonment. More specifically, the chapter argues that, since its establishment, women’s imprisonment has been gendered and embodied. The second half of the chapter looks at more contemporary research on women’s experiences in prison, and unpacks the punishment–body relation by connecting the study’s objectives to extant research on women’s prisons.

Maiden Voyage

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-49
Author(s):  
Dario De Santis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Scientific Debate

AbstractThe scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querelle about embryological systems defining the concept of generation as a voyage within the human body. Lucina sine concubitu and Juno abortans, respectively published in England and in Germany between 1750 and 1760, narrate the odd and imaginary adventures of two doctors who are trying to interrupt and modify the embryos' journey towards the body of the mother.

‘Tales of Wonder and Horror’: Coverage of insanity in the Leeds press, 1808-1840

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Evgeniya Kryssova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
The North ◽  
The Press

<p>The press was at the centre of the reform of the meaning of insanity, during its evolution from an equivocal eighteenth-century concept of melancholia to a medicalised Victorian notion of ‘lunacy’. During the late Georgian era newspapers provided a public forum for the opinion of newly emerging psychiatric practitioners and fostered the fears and concerns about mental illness and its supposed increase. The press was also the main source of news on crime, providing readers with reports on criminal insanity and suicide. In the first half of the nineteenth century, newspaper contents included official legal reports, as well as editorial commentary and excerpts from other publications, and newspaper articles can rarely be traced to one single author. Historians of British insanity avoid consulting periodical literature, choosing to use asylum records and coroners’ reports, as these sources are more straightforward than newspapers. However, Rab Houston’s recent study of the coverage of suicide in the north of Britain shows that the provincial press has been unjustly overlooked and can offer the material for a unique social analysis. Asylum records and coroners’ records do not contain the same detail provided in the press. Newspaper commentary can arguably reveal contemporary attitudes towards insanity and, moreover, sources such as asylum records only deal with the lower-class patients, as the middle- and upper-class insane were usually privately detained.  This thesis examines the press coverage of insanity in Leeds newspapers, and expands on previous research by looking at the way insanity was portrayed in the two most popular publications in the industrial region of Yorkshire: the Leeds Intelligencer and the Leeds Mercury. Chapter one focuses on legal cases that featured a verdict of insanity and explores the language used by the press in the reports of, mainly, violent domestic crime. Chapter two looks at reports of suicide and considers how contemporary views on financial and moral despondency influenced the portrayal of self-murder. Chapter three considers editorial articles that cannot be described as either crime or suicide reports. This chapter uncovers the presence of surprisingly humorous and entertaining articles on insanity found in editorials and the ‘Miscellany’ sections of the newspapers. Ultimately, this thesis argues that the reportage of insanity in the Leeds press was sensational, moralistic and selectively sympathetic; furthermore, such portrayal of insanity was reinforced throughout the body of the paper. Leeds newspapers segregated the insane by adopting a moralising tone and by choosing to use class-specific language towards the insane of different social ranks.</p>

scholarly journals From the organism of a body to the body of an organism: occurrence and meaning of the word ‘organism’ from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOBIAS CHEUNG
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Technical Term ◽  
Latin Word ◽  
Entire World

This paper retraces the occurrence of the word ‘organism’ in writings of different authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. It seeks to clarify chronological and conceptual shifts in the usage and meaning of the word. After earlier uses of the word in medieval sources, the Latin word organismus appeared in 1684 in Stahl's medico-physiological writings. Around 1700 it can be found in French (organisme), English (organism), Italian (organismo) and later also in German (Organismus). During the eighteenth century the word ‘organism’ generally referred to a specific principle or form of order that could be applied to plants, animals or the entire world. At the end of the eighteenth century the term became a generic name for individual living entities. From around 1830 the word ‘organism’ replaced the expressions ‘organic’ or ‘organized body’ as a recurrent technical term in the emerging biological disciplines.

scholarly journals The virtual and the real. Digital culture and the body in the study of handwriting

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Ewan Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Western Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Cultural Shift ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital World

Abstract Since Traube (1861-1907) paleography has been concerned primarily with methods for transcribing, dating and placing texts. This paper responds to two changes in perspective that have occurred within western culture over the last century: the arrival of a digital world which saw the transformation of computers from calculating devices into new tools for writing and reading and a cultural shift away from a Cartesian perspective that distinguishes between body and mind and privileges self aware rationality over felt experience. For the purposes of this paper the link between these trends is that both throw new emphasis on writing as an activity rather than a product. This paper looks at how insights from the digital, and body-based disciplines of document creation might then interact with the paleographical and each other. The influences all run both ways, the paleographical can effect the digital as much an understanding of the digital can bring new ways of seeing to the paleographical.

scholarly journals Significance of Diet and Behavior During Pandemic Situation According to Ayurveda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Sawarkar ◽  
Punam Sawarkar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Main Culprit ◽  
Entire Cosmos ◽  
Prevention And Cure ◽  
And Behavior

Ayurveda is the oldest science of health care, explaining both the perspectives, i.e., prevention and cure of diseases. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda explore life’s philosophy, including the entire cosmos having five significant elements (Akash, Vayu, Agni, Jala, and Prithvi) establishing the Prakruti, i.e., a unique combination of physiological and psychological characteristics in a human being. In Ayurveda, Ahara (Diet), and Vihar (Exercise/Movements), fundamental pillars are thoroughly explained according to a specific Prakruti, which denotes personalized medicine in the present era. Diet is the essential factor that comprises the five significant elements with six rasas (Sweet, Sour, Saline, Pungent, Bitter, Astringent). Each Rasa has its specific nutritional properties helpful for the maintenance of health. Moreover, it also prevents diseases and plays a vital role in the restoration of health from disease conditions. The appropriate diet plan is essential in the pandemic situation because the digestive power (Agni) becomes hampered due to faulty lifestyle and unwholesome food habits that result in vitiation of three bio-humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) in the body. According to Ayurveda’s basic principles, weakened digestive power is the main culprit for forming various diseases. Therefore, it is highly imperative to select a suitable diet and behavioral regimes during pandemic situations.

Pathogenesis as a problem of functional incompetence and imbalance in the population of T-lymphocytes

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Н.М. Геворкян ◽  
Н.В. Тишевская
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

Цель обзора - анализ клеточной основы патогенеза различных заболеваний в свете регуляторной роли Т-лимфоцитов. Рассматривается роль поликлонального многообразия популяции Т-лимфоцитов, особых свойств этих клеток-представителей гомеостатической системы организма в физиологических процессах в норме и при патологии. Указаны перспективы терапевтического и профилактического воздействий, связанные с использованием суммарных РНК нормальных лимфоидных клеток аллогенной и ксеногенной природы. Указана также возможность создания с помощью лимфоцитарных суммарных РНК адекватных моделей заболеваний человека на пути к развитию персонифицированной медицины. This review provides an analysis of the cellular basis of the pathogenesis of various diseases in the light of the regulatory role of T-lymphocytes. The role of the polyclonal diversity of the population of T-lymphocytes, the special properties of these cells-representatives of the homeostatic system of the body, in physiological processes in health and disease is considered. Prospects for therapeutic and prophylactic effects associated with the use of total RNA of normal lymphoid cells of allogeneic and xenogenic origin are indicated. The possibility of creating, using lymphocytic total RNA, adequate models of human diseases for the development of personalized medicine is also indicated.

Music in the Body

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-106
Author(s):  
Alison Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Art Music ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Musical Styles

Abstract Dance in general and the contredanse in particular have long been recognized as important to eighteenth-century European music. But music theorists have tended to understate the contredanse's unique contribution, when they haven't overlooked it entirely: dances are more often treated as musical styles or topics than as movement patterns, and the minuet, with more explicit connections to art music, has received more attention than the contredanse. This article analyzes the choreography as well as the music of eighteenth-century contredanses to show how this dance supported the development of hypermetrical hearing. The contredanse had surpassed the minuet in popularity by the second half of the eighteenth century, probably in part because of its participatory rather than performative nature. More important, it was the first dance in which alignment of choreography and music consistently extended to multiple hypermetric levels. In addressing the importance of contredanse choreography to eighteenth-century hypermeter, this article makes a broader appeal for incorporation of dance and the body into the study of meter.

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