scholarly journals Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Benjamin Enke ◽  
Uri Gneezy ◽  
Brian Hall ◽  
David Martin ◽  
Vadim Nelidov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Intuitive Reasoning ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Very High

Abstract Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, evidence on the effect of large incentives on cognitive biases is scant. We test the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base-rate neglect, anchoring, failure of contingent thinking, and intuitive reasoning. In laboratory experiments with 1,236 college students in Nairobi, we implement three incentive levels: no incentives, standard lab payments, and very high incentives. We find that very high stakes increase response times by 40% but improve performance only very mildly or not at all. In none of the tasks do very high stakes come close to de-biasing participants.

Evaluating the Association Between Artificial Sweetener Intake and Indicators of Stress and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2110221
Author(s):  
Benjamin Miller ◽  
Paul Branscum
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Very High

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption and stress and anxiety, among a sample of college students. Two-hundred and twenty-seven students from a large mid-western university participated in this cross-sectional study. Students completed an online survey that evaluated NNS using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Stress and anxiety were evaluated using previously validated instruments. Most students reported very low/low/average concern for stress (63.9%), and had low/moderate anxiety (82.3%). Participants experiencing high and very high levels of stress had significantly higher NNS consumption compared to those with a very low and low risk, and concern for stress ( p < .046; d = 0.28). There was no difference however for NNS intake and anxiety. Reduction of artificial sweetener intake may be associated with stress levels among college students. However, more research is needed to examine any causal relationship between artificial sweetener intake and stress.

scholarly journals Expanding the Weighted Updating Model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Aaron Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Availability Heuristic ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Attribution Bias

This work casts light upon a pair of restrictions inherent to the basic weighted updating model, which is a generalization of Bayesian updating that allows for biased learning. Relaxing the restrictions allows for the study of individuals who discriminate between observations or who treat information in a dynamically inconsistent manner. These generalizations augment the set of cognitive biases that can be studied using new versions of the weighted updating model to include the availability heuristic, order effects, self-attribution bias, and base-rate neglect in light of irrelevant information.

scholarly journals A High-Stakes Approach to Response Time Effort in Low-Stakes Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Munevver Ilgun
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Accelerated Failure Time ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
Accelerated Failure Time Models

<p style="text-align: justify;">Response times are one of the important sources that provide information about the performance of individuals during a test process. The main purpose of this study is to show that survival models can be used in educational data. Accordingly, data sets of items measuring literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills of the countries participating in Round 3 of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies were used. Accelerated failure time models have been analyzed for each country and domain.  As a result of the analysis of the models in which various covariates are included as independent variables, and response time for giving correct answers is included as a dependent variable, it was found the associations between the covariates and response time for giving correct answers were concluded to vary from one domain to another or from one country to another. The results obtained from the present study have provided the educational stakeholders and practitioners with valuable information.</p>

Modal verbs in English essays written by Czech secondary-school students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Věra Sládková
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
English School ◽  
School Students ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the findings of a frequency analysis of modal verbs and their complementation in 390 English school-leaving essays written by Czech secondary-school students in a high-stakes B1 level exam. These constitute a learner corpus, CZEMATELC 2017. The study reveals a very high proportion of correct complementation patterns, but predominantly with lexical verbs at A1 and A2 CEFR levels. The most frequent errors are the complementation of modal verbs by past-tense forms of lexical verbs and the absence of complementation.

scholarly journals Seed dormancy and germination of Shaggy soldier (Galinsoga ciliata Blake.) and Common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jursík ◽  
J. Soukup ◽  
V. Venclová ◽  
J. Holec
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Interval ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata ◽  
Very High ◽  
Seed Dormancy And Germination

Laboratory experiments were carried out with seeds of Galinsoga ciliata and Chenopodium album in 1998, 2000 and 2001. The study involved germination of non-dormant seeds in the light and the dark at 5&ndash;30&deg;C, the germination energy at 15, 24, and 33&deg;C, and the primary dormancy of seeds matured during the period from July to October. Both weeds germinated better in the light compared to the dark. Seeds of G. ciliata germinated at 10&ndash;33&deg;C. Germination exceeding 85% was recorded at 12&ndash;28&deg;C. Ch. album germinated in a&nbsp;wider temperature interval (5&ndash;33&deg;C). Maximum germination (75%) was obtained at 18&deg;C. A&nbsp;very high germination energy of G. ciliata seeds was found at 24&deg;C. At this temperature, 89% of seeds germinated during the second and third day of the germination test. Seeds of Ch. album had a&nbsp;low germination energy at 15 and 24&deg;C. The germination energy was high only at 33&deg;C, however, the total germination reached at this temperature was only 26.5%. Both G. ciliata and Ch. album formed primary dormant seeds during all three testing years. The length of primary dormancy varied from 10 to 100 days depending on the date of ripening and on the year. The longest primary dormancy was found with early ripened seeds (July and August).

Human Performance Optimization

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Near Future

Advances in cognitive neuroscience, engineering, and related fields suggest new ways of optimizing human performance. Especially for organizations that operate in high-stakes, high-stress, and competitive settings, helping individual workers and teams improve and sustain performance represents a desirable outcome. Moreover, to the extent that strategies to improve performance allow individuals to grow and flourish, enhancing performance is also a desirable outcome for workers. This volume addresses state-of-the-art scientifically grounded approaches to optimizing human performance. Collectively, the topics addressed integrate performance optimization strategies across several disciplines that speak to performance enhancement. A common theme is the need to include ethical considerations in any decision to implement human performance optimization strategies. The book concludes with a summary and synthesis of currently attainable approaches to performance enhancement and approaches that may emerge in the near future based on further research and development.

scholarly journals Can High-Dimensional Questionnaires Resolve the Ipsativity Issue of Forced-Choice Response Formats?

2020 ◽  
pp. 001316442093486
Author(s):  
Niklas Schulte ◽  
Heinz Holling ◽  
Paul-Christian Bürkner
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Irt Models ◽  
Response Formats ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Very High

Forced-choice questionnaires can prevent faking and other response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, the derived trait scores are often unreliable and ipsative, making interindividual comparisons in high-stakes situations impossible. Several studies suggest that these problems vanish if the number of measured traits is high. To determine the necessary number of traits under varying sample sizes, factor loadings, and intertrait correlations, simulations were performed for the two most widely used scoring methods, namely the classical (ipsative) approach and Thurstonian item response theory (IRT) models. Results demonstrate that while especially Thurstonian IRT models perform well under ideal conditions, both methods yield insufficient reliabilities in most conditions resembling applied contexts. Moreover, not only the classical estimates but also the Thurstonian IRT estimates for questionnaires with equally keyed items remain (partially) ipsative, even when the number of traits is very high (i.e., 30). This result not only questions earlier assumptions regarding the use of classical scores in high-dimensional questionnaires, but it also raises doubts about many validation studies on Thurstonian IRT models because correlations of (partially) ipsative scores with external criteria cannot be interpreted in a usual way.

scholarly journals Public Statistics and Private Experience: Varying Feedback Information in a Take-or-Pass Game

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danz ◽  
Philippe Jehiel ◽  
Steffen Huck
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Very High

Abstract We study how subjects in an experiment use different forms of public information about their opponents’ past behavior. In the absence of public information, subjects appear to use rather detailed statistics summarizing their private experiences. If they have additional public information, they make use of this information even if it is less precise than their own private statistics - except for very high stakes. Making public information more precise has two consequences: It is also used when the stakes are very high and it reduces the number of subjects who ignore any information - public and private. That is, precise public information crowds in the use of own information. Finally, our results shed some light on unraveling in centipede games.

Teamwork on a cognitive task during a night of sleep deprivation and sustained operations

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (18) ◽  
pp. 1070-1072
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Vander Wood ◽  
Kristina L. O'Connell ◽  
June J. Pilcher
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Testing Session ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Complex Cognitive Task ◽  
Negative Effect

Research shows that sleep deprivation has a negative effect on performance on cognitive and vigilance tasks. However, little research has focused on the effects of sleep deprivation on team performance. This study examined the effect of sleep deprivation on a task requiring teamwork to maximize performance. Twenty-four college students remained awake for one night and completed a variety of tasks during each of four testing sessions. The Wombat, a complex cognitive task, required participants to work with a partner to maximize their overall scores. Results show that performance over the night increased while performance within each testing session decreased. This indicates that teamwork can help to improve performance over a night of sleep deprivation but does not entirely counteract the negative effects seen within the testing sessions. The current results suggest that team managers should be aware that teamwork may not counteract all negative effects of sleep deprivation on performance.

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