scholarly journals Public Statistics and Private Experience: Varying Feedback Information in a Take-or-Pass Game

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danz ◽  
Philippe Jehiel ◽  
Steffen Huck
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Very High

Abstract We study how subjects in an experiment use different forms of public information about their opponents’ past behavior. In the absence of public information, subjects appear to use rather detailed statistics summarizing their private experiences. If they have additional public information, they make use of this information even if it is less precise than their own private statistics - except for very high stakes. Making public information more precise has two consequences: It is also used when the stakes are very high and it reduces the number of subjects who ignore any information - public and private. That is, precise public information crowds in the use of own information. Finally, our results shed some light on unraveling in centipede games.

The Quantification of Law: Counting, Predicting, and Valuating

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Viana Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
Massive Databases

Legal reasoning is increasingly quantified. Developers in the market and public institutions in the legal system are making use of massive databases of court opinions and other legal communications to craft algorithms to assess the effectiveness of legal arguments or predict court judgments; tasks that were once seen as the exclusive province of seasoned lawyers’ obscure knowledge. New legal technologies promise to search heaps of documents for useful evidence, and to analyze dozens of factors to quantify a lawsuit’s odds of success. Legal quantification initiatives depend on the availability of reliable data about the past behavior of courts that institutional actors have attempted to control. The development of initiatives in legal quantification is visible as public bodies craft their own tools for internal use and access by the public, and private companies create new ways to valorize the “raw data” provided by courts and lawyers by generating information useful to the strategies of legal professionals, as well as to the investors that re-valorize legal activity by securitizing legal risk through litigation funding.

Modal verbs in English essays written by Czech secondary-school students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Věra Sládková
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
English School ◽  
School Students ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the findings of a frequency analysis of modal verbs and their complementation in 390 English school-leaving essays written by Czech secondary-school students in a high-stakes B1 level exam. These constitute a learner corpus, CZEMATELC 2017. The study reveals a very high proportion of correct complementation patterns, but predominantly with lexical verbs at A1 and A2 CEFR levels. The most frequent errors are the complementation of modal verbs by past-tense forms of lexical verbs and the absence of complementation.

Belgium Healthcare System

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Elena Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Health Insurance Fund ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Healthcare ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Belgium is a small country in northwestern Europe, with a population of 11.4 million people. The country has a very high level of urbanization; up to 97% of the population lives in cities and towns. About 10% of GDP is spent annually on the development of healthcare, which, technically, corresponds to the average European indicators. Based on the results of work in 2018, the Belgian medical care delivery system was recognized as the “most generous healthcare system in Europe”, however, it was rated much lower in terms of quality than the countries that took first places in the ranking. The country has a public and private healthcare system, and both of them are paid. 99% of the population is covered by medical insurance, and children under the age of 18 are covered by parental insurance. All officially employed Belgians and self-employed persons operating in the country must be registered and make contributions to the Belgian Health Insurance Fund. The amount of the monthly contribution to the Health Insurance Fund is fixed, it amounts to 7.35% of the salary.

Rabelais, François (c.1483–1553)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Duval
Keyword(s):  
Private Life ◽  
Marguerite De Navarre ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Francis I ◽  
Very High

Rabelais, a French humanist and comic writer of the Renaissance, is best known for his chronicles of Gargantua and Pantagruel, in which coarse popular humour, fine Lucianic irony and staggering erudition are uniquely blended, and which claim to reveal, first appearances notwithstanding, ‘certain very high sacraments and dread mysteries, concerning not only our religion, but also our public and private life’ ([1532–52] 1955: 38). Rabelais has been subjected to the most contradictory interpretations and judgments. Like Erasmus, whom he admired, Rabelais was attacked in his own time by schismatic Protestants (most notably Calvin) and by reactionary Catholics (most notably the faculty of theology at Paris), as an obscene Lucianic atheist and a heretic. At the same time he was admired and supported by high-minded patrons including Francis I, the king’s devout sister Marguerite de Navarre, and Cardinal Jean Du Bellay. Even today Rabelais’ religion and philosophy are the subject of debate among scholars, while his work is known to non-specialists more for the ‘Rabelaisian’ ribaldry of a few pages than for the complex irony and profoundly humanistic design that characterize his works as a whole.

Why Do IPO Offer Prices Only Partially Adjust?

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1450009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Ş. İnce
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
New Information ◽  
Pricing Process ◽  
Ipo Pricing ◽  
Public Offering

This study develops a structural model of the initial public offering (IPO) pricing process that enables the estimation of adjustment rates for public and private pricing information gathered during bookbuilding. The estimated upward adjustment rate of public information is only 21%, significantly less than the 28% rate of private information. Adjustment rates decline towards the IPO date, especially for upward adjustments. The findings contradict information acquisition theories that predict a complete adjustment to public information and highlight the inefficiency of the IPO bookbuilding mechanism in handling new information even when information is publicly available and especially when it is favorable.

scholarly journals Can High-Dimensional Questionnaires Resolve the Ipsativity Issue of Forced-Choice Response Formats?

2020 ◽  
pp. 001316442093486
Author(s):  
Niklas Schulte ◽  
Heinz Holling ◽  
Paul-Christian Bürkner
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Irt Models ◽  
Response Formats ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Very High

Forced-choice questionnaires can prevent faking and other response biases typically associated with rating scales. However, the derived trait scores are often unreliable and ipsative, making interindividual comparisons in high-stakes situations impossible. Several studies suggest that these problems vanish if the number of measured traits is high. To determine the necessary number of traits under varying sample sizes, factor loadings, and intertrait correlations, simulations were performed for the two most widely used scoring methods, namely the classical (ipsative) approach and Thurstonian item response theory (IRT) models. Results demonstrate that while especially Thurstonian IRT models perform well under ideal conditions, both methods yield insufficient reliabilities in most conditions resembling applied contexts. Moreover, not only the classical estimates but also the Thurstonian IRT estimates for questionnaires with equally keyed items remain (partially) ipsative, even when the number of traits is very high (i.e., 30). This result not only questions earlier assumptions regarding the use of classical scores in high-dimensional questionnaires, but it also raises doubts about many validation studies on Thurstonian IRT models because correlations of (partially) ipsative scores with external criteria cannot be interpreted in a usual way.

scholarly journals Horticultural Activity Program for Improving Emotional Intelligence, Prosocial Behavior, and Scientific Investigation Abilities and Attitudes in Kindergarteners

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sin-Ae Park ◽  
Moon-Kyoung Cho ◽  
Mung Hwa Yoo ◽  
Soo-Yun Kim ◽  
Eun-Ae Im ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Activity Program ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Very High ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of a horticultural activity program on the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of kindergarteners. A total of 336 children aged 5 to 7 years in public and private kindergartens and day care centers in Incheon, South Korea, participated in a 24-session horticultural activity program. This program included indoor and outdoor activities such as planting seeds, transplanting plants, making and applying eco-friendly fertilizer, watering, harvesting, using plants to make crafts, and cooking with produce. It was designed to improve the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of kindergarteners. Each session lasted an average of 50 minutes and was held once per week. The results of the study showed that the 24-session horticultural activity program improved the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of the children (P < 0.05). Satisfaction with the program was very high among both the children and their teachers and parents. Future studies should consider exploring the effects of horticultural activity programs on children in different age groups.

scholarly journals (A335) Emergent use of Social Media: A New Age of Opportunity for Disaster Resilience

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s94-s94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Use Of Social Media

BackgroundSocial media (SM) are forms of information and communication technology disseminated through social interaction. SM rely upon peer-to-peer (P2P) networks that are collaborative, decentralized, and community-driven transforming people from content consumers into content producers. The role of SM in disaster management galvanized during the world response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. (Pew 2010) During the immediate aftermath, much of what people around the world were learning about the earthquake originated from SM sources. (Nielsenwire 2010) During the first 2 weeks following the earthquake, “texting” mobile phone users donated over $25 million to the American Red Cross. (Sysomos 2010) Both public and private response agencies used Google Maps™. Millions joined MySpace™ and Facebook ™discussion groups to share information, donate money, and offer support. SM has also been described as “remarkably well organized, self correcting, accurate and concentrated”, calling into question the ingrained view of unidirectional, official-to-public information broadcasts. (Sutton, et al 2008) SM may also offer potential psychological benefit for vulnerable populations gained through participation as stakeholders in the response. (Sutton, et al 2008) (Laor 2003)DiscussionHowever, widespread use of SM also involves several important challenges for disaster management. Although SM is growing rapidly, it remains less widespread and accessible than traditional media. Also, public officials often view person to person communications as “backchannels” with potential to spread misinformation and rumor. (Akre 2010) In addition, in absence of the normal checks and balances that regulate traditional media, privacy rights violations can occur as people use SM to describe personal events and circumstances. (Palen 2007)

ShakeCast: Automating and Improving the Use of ShakeMap for Post-Earthquake Decision-Making and Response

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wald ◽  
Kuo-Wan Lin ◽  
Keith Porter ◽  
Loren Turner
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Emergency Responders ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Damage Maps ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
The Impact

When a potentially damaging earthquake occurs, utility and other lifeline managers, emergency responders, and other critical users have an urgent need for information about the impact on their particular facilities so they can make appropriate decisions and take quick actions to ensure safety and restore system functionality. ShakeMap, a tool used to portray the extent of potentially damaging shaking following an earthquake, on its own can be useful for emergency response, loss estimation, and public information. However, to take full advantage of the potential of ShakeMap, we introduce ShakeCast. ShakeCast facilitates the complicated assessment of potential damage to a user's widely distributed facilities by comparing the complex shaking distribution with the potentially highly variable damageability of their inventory to provide a simple, hierarchical list and maps of structures or facilities most likely impacted. ShakeCast is a freely available, post-earthquake situational awareness application that automatically retrieves earthquake shaking data from ShakeMap, compares intensity measures against users’ facilities, sends notifications of potential damage to responsible parties, and generates facility damage maps and other Web-based products for both public and private emergency managers and responders.

scholarly journals What’s Trust Got to do With it? Lessons From Cross-Sectoral Research on Natural Resource Management in Australia and the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lee Toman ◽  
Allan Lindsay Curtis ◽  
Bruce Shindler
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Natural Resource Managers ◽  
The U.S

Natural resource management (NRM) is conducted within a complex context. This is particularly true at the interface of public and private interests where policy and management actions are often closely scrutinized by stakeholders. In these settings, natural resource managers often seek to achieve multiple objectives including ecosystem restoration, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and the provision of recreation opportunities. While some objectives may be complementary, in many cases they involve tradeoffs that are contested by stakeholders. Substantial prior work has identified concepts related to trust as critical to the success of natural resource management particularly in cases of high complexity and uncertainty with high stakes for those involved. However, although regularly identified as a central variable of influence, trust appears to be conceptualized differently or entangled with related constructs across this prior research. Moreover, much of the research in NRM considers trust as an independent variable and considers the influence of trust on other variables of interest (e.g., acceptance of a particular management practices, willingness to adopt a best management practice). In this paper, we develop a conceptualization of trust drawing on different literature areas and consider how trust is related to constructs such as trustworthiness and confidence. We then consider trust in the context of natural resource management drawing on examples from the U.S. and Australia. We then consider implications of these findings for building trust in natural resource management.

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