Factor Substitution and Factor-Augmenting Technical Progress in the United States: A Normalized Supply-Side System Approach

2007 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Klump ◽  
Peter McAdam ◽  
Alpo Willman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
System Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Factor Substitution

Mobile Payments at the Retail Point of Sale in the United States: Prospects for Adoption

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Crowe ◽  
Marc Rysman ◽  
Joanna Stavins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Mobile Payments ◽  
The U.S

Although mobile payments are increasingly used in some countries, they have not been adopted widely in the United States so far, despite their potential to add value for consumers and streamline the payments system. We summarize short-term and long-term benefits from mobile payments, and analyze the economic framework of that market. Both demand-side and supply-side barriers contribute to the lack of adoption of mobile payments. We contrast mobile payments at the retail point of sale in the U.S. with other countries’ experiences and with examples of successful payment innovations in the U.S. Conditions that have facilitated some success in other countries and in other U.S. innovations are not present in the mobile payments market. On the demand side, consumers and merchants are well served by the current card system and face a low expected benefit-cost ratio, at least in the short run. On the supply side, low market concentration and strong competitive forces of banks and mobile carriers make coordination of standards difficult. Furthermore, mobile payments are characterized by a network effects problem: consumers will not demand them until they know that enough merchants accept them, and merchants will not implement the technology until a critical mass of consumers justifies the cost of doing so. We present some policy recommendations that the Federal Reserve should consider.

scholarly journals Workforce Projections 2010–2020: Annual Supply and Demand Forecasting Models for Physical Therapists Across the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel D. Landry ◽  
Laurita M. Hack ◽  
Elizabeth Coulson ◽  
Janet Freburger ◽  
Michael P. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Imperfect Data ◽  
Workforce Projections

BackgroundHealth human resources continue to emerge as a critical health policy issue across the United States.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to develop a strategy for modeling future workforce projections to serve as a basis for analyzing annual supply of and demand for physical therapists across the United States into 2020.DesignA traditional stock-and-flow methodology or model was developed and populated with publicly available data to produce estimates of supply and demand for physical therapists by 2020.MethodsSupply was determined by adding the estimated number of physical therapists and the approximation of new graduates to the number of physical therapists who immigrated, minus US graduates who never passed the licensure examination, and an estimated attrition rate in any given year. Demand was determined by using projected US population with health care insurance multiplied by a demand ratio in any given year. The difference between projected supply and demand represented a shortage or surplus of physical therapists.ResultsThree separate projection models were developed based on best available data in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. Based on these projections, demand for physical therapists in the United States outstrips supply under most assumptions.LimitationsWorkforce projection methodology research is based on assumptions using imperfect data; therefore, the results must be interpreted in terms of overall trends rather than as precise actuarial data–generated absolute numbers from specified forecasting.ConclusionsOutcomes of this projection study provide a foundation for discussion and debate regarding the most effective and efficient ways to influence supply-side variables so as to position physical therapists to meet current and future population demand. Attrition rates or permanent exits out of the profession can have important supply-side effects and appear to have an effect on predicting future shortage or surplus of physical therapists.

The American Challenge of the Twenties: Multinationals and the European Motor Industry

1982 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Foreman-Peck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Partial Solution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
Motor Industry

The different rates of technical progress in Western Europe and the United States, exemplified by the motor industry, created a problem of adjustment in international payments by the 1920s. American direct investment in manufacturing in Europe was a manifestation of technological superiority and a partial solution to the payments problem. The scale of their operations gave the American motor vehicle firms an advantage even in foreign production. An alternative way of closing the technological gap, the transfer of machine tools and trained men from America to Europe, allowed the European motor vehicle producers to compete without becoming entirely American-owned.

scholarly journals Oligopsony/Oligopoly Power and Factor Market Performance: The Case of U.S. Old Newspapers

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-569
Author(s):  
Aref A. Hervani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Input Markets ◽  
Price Distortions ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper derives price-cost margins for the old newspaper (ONP) input market for newsprint manufacture and then examines the effects of two government policies and two variables measuring the market performances of ONP input and newsprint output on the oligopsonist's ONP price-cost margins. In the wastepaper recycling market in particular, the ONP input market has not been successful in using the ONP generated. The outcomes of the study are that various degrees of price distortions existed in the ONP input markets in four regions of the United States during 1972–1995. Demand-side policy had a positive effect and supply-side policy had a negative effect on ONP price–cost margins in all regions.

Reagan's Ambiguous Economic Legacy

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gilpin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
International Activity ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
International Aspects ◽  
The U.S

The introductory piece attempts to set forth as objectively as possible the economic legacy of the Reagan Administration, with emphasis on its international aspects, and thereby to provide the background for the other articles. Gilpin charts the shift in the 1980s from a supply-side, laissez-faire style policy to one that acknowledges a need for cooperation between the United States and its economic partners. While this has been a responsible and productive change, it has also generated ambiguity as to what the U.S. stance on economic international activity should be.

scholarly journals Supply-Side Disruption in Cocaine Production Associated With Cocaine-Related Maternal and Child Health Outcomes in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-814
Author(s):  
Chris Delcher ◽  
Melvin Livingston ◽  
Yanning Wang ◽  
Meredith Mowitz ◽  
Mildred Maldonado-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
And Child Health
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