scholarly journals Adjusted Poverty Measures and the Distribution of Title I Aid: Does Title I Really Make the Rich States Richer?

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Baker ◽  
Lori Taylor ◽  
Jesse Levin ◽  
Jay Chambers ◽  
Charles Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Title I ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
Funding Formulas ◽  
The Cost

Federal and state governments in the United States make extensive use of student poverty rates in compensatory aid programs like Title I. Unfortunately, the measures of student poverty that drive funding allocations under such programs are biased because they fail to reflect geographic differences in the cost of living. In this study, we construct alternative poverty income thresholds based on regional differences in the wage level for low-skilled workers. We then examine the distribution of Title I revenues after adjusting poverty rates for geographic differences in the cost of living and adjusting Title I revenues for geographic differences in the purchasing power of school districts. Our findings turn conventional wisdom on its head. We find that when we fully adjust for regional differences, Title I funding patterns disproportionately favor rural school districts in low cost-of-living states. We conclude with policy recommendations for revising Title I funding formulas.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Agriculture

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken R. Tefertiller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Average Consumer ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
The Cost

Agriculture is one of the Nation’s most efficient industries. The cost of living for the average consumer would be considerably higher today without the low cost of food supplied by United States agriculture. This is particularly significant at a time when we hear so much about poverty in the United States and in other countries. Had it not been for the extremely low costs of food, there would be many more poverty stricken families today. Paper published with permission.

LE LETTERE DI GIUSEPPE PEANO NELLA CORRISPONDENZA DI ERNESTO CESÀRO

Nuncius ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-281
Author(s):  
FRANCO PALLADINO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Infinitesimal Calculus ◽  
Italian School ◽  
Actuarial Mathematics ◽  
Important Member ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Giuseppe Peano

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>We have gathered here twenty-six writings from the correspondence of Giuseppe Peano, as well as letters by Alexander Macfarlane and Alexander Ziwet.Peano's letters were addressed to Ernesto Cesaro, an important member of the great Italian school of mathematics founded in the second half of the Nineteenth century. In these writings, Peano discusses various topics: Infinitesimal calculus and Barycentric calculus, the «Rivista di Matematica» and the «Formulario» of which he was editor; didactics and a question about Actuarial mathematics. Some of the writings are confidential in nature: in one letter, Peano proposes exchanging his professorial chair with Cesaro's, and hence transferring from Turin to Naples.The letters written by Macfarlane and Ziwet were sent to Peano; they contain, at the request of Cesaro, information concerning university chairs and the cost of living in the United States.

The Impact of Regional Differences in Prices and Wages on Economic Growth: The United States in 1890

1979 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. P. Coelho ◽  
James F. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Size ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Differences in regional prices and wages are examined for the United States in 1890, together with the relationship between the cost of living and city size, and the determinants of regional industrial growth. Results indicate that regional cost-of-liying differences were sufficiently large so that money wages cannot be used for purposes of comparing the economic well-being of wage earners across regions. Except for the South, money wages and the cost of living were positively correlated. The relative differences in money wages, however, were greater; consequently real wages in high wage-price areas were generally higher.

scholarly journals Textbook Alternative Incentive Programs at U.S. Universities: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Ashley Lierman
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Impact Measurement ◽  
Grant Programs ◽  
Incentive Programs ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Faculty Time ◽  
The Cost

Objective – This article reviews current literature on incentive grant programs for textbook alternatives at universities and their libraries. Of particular interest in this review are common patterns and factors in the design, development, and implementation of these initiatives at the programmatic level, trends in the results of assessment of programs, and unique elements of certain institutions’ programs. Methods – The review was limited in scope to studies in scholarly and professional publications of textbook alternative incentive programs at universities within the United States of America, published within ten years prior to the investigation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and then subjected to analysis for trends and patterns. Results – Studies of these types of programs have reported substantial total cost savings to affected students compared to the relatively small financial investments that are required to establish them. The majority of incentive programs were led by university libraries, although the most successful efforts appear to have been broadly collaborative in nature. Programs are well-regarded by students and faculty, with benefits to pedagogy and access to materials beyond the cost savings to students. The field of replacing textbooks with alternatives is still evolving, however, and the required investment of faculty time and effort is still a barrier, while inconsistent approaches to impact measurement make it difficult to compare programs or establish best practices. Conclusion – Overall, the literature shows evidence of significant benefits from incentive programs at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, these programs are opportunities to establish cross-campus partnerships and collaborations, and collaboration seems to be effective at helping to reduce barriers and increase impact. Further research is needed on similar programs at community colleges and at higher education institutions internationally.

A Brief Survey of American Labor Law

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
Erwin C. Surrency
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
The Cost ◽  
American Labor

The law regulating labor relations in the United States has grown in complexity as numerous statutes, both federal and state, have been enacted to regulate many matters growing out of the employer-employee relationship. Since these statutes have a wide application, the lawyer, regardless of his geographical location or type of practice must have some knowledge of the literature which has been spawned by this ever-expanding subject. The list of research tools in labor law includes not only legal publications in the narrow sense, but also materials on subjects such as employment statistics and the cost of living. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the labor law literature and to the agencies responsible for its administration. Obviously, a detailed analysis of each source is impossible here and would be tedious at any rate. Sources are suggested and their contents indicated but only a perusal of the publication itself will clearly demonstrate its usefulness.

scholarly journals Case Study: Use of Open Education Resources in Business Capstone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena D. Mathien
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Open Education ◽  
Learning Design ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Business Course ◽  
Open Education Resources ◽  
The Cost

Recent studies on textbook costs in the United States have indicated that there is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success. With textbook costs increasing at a rate higher than the cost of living, many students have cited the textbook cost as an extremely important factor when obtaining (or not obtaining) a textbook. Open educational resources (OER) are tools that educators can use to supplement or build a course. OER are free for anyone to reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute and are a low-cost, tailored solution for faculty and students. There have been calls for research that demonstrates how OER are being put into practice. This case study examines the responses of users to a voluntary survey in a capstone business course that implemented OER in lieu of traditional textbooks. The study suggests that, for teachers and students, as well as self-directed learners, OER provide a valuable resource to eliminate the pay wall, improve learning design, and support the power of the community through sharing and collaboration.

Netanyahu win puts Israel on path to isolation

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Palestinian Authority ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Turnout ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nationalist Government

Significance The election, Israel's fourth in less than ten years, was a referendum on Netanyahu, who had faced unprecedented public criticism leading up to the election. However, with a high turnout of 72%, his centre-right Likud defeated other parties by winning 30 out of the Knesset's 120 seats, an increase from 18 seats in the 2013 parliament. The prime minister reportedly called HaBayit HaYehudi (Jewish Home) leader Naftali Bennet and other party heads to discuss forming a new coalition, just minutes after exit polls were announced. He needs the support of 61 Knesset members to form a government. Impacts A nationalist government would expand settlements, deepening tension with the Palestinian Authority (PA), and risking West Bank violence. The PA will likely advance diplomatic efforts to gain recognition as a state and to pressure Israel in international forums. Netanyahu's pledge not to establish a Palestinian state could prompt Washington to support a UNSC resolution on a two-state solution. A right-wing government will heighten tension with the United States and Europe just as nuclear negotiations with Iran reach a conclusion. A right-wing government with the ultra-Orthodox and Kulanu could seek to increase government subsidies while lowering the cost of living.

The Curious Case of the Missing Tail: Trends Among the Top 1% of School Districts in the United States, 2000–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 312-320
Author(s):  
Matthew Gardner Kelly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
School Districts ◽  
School Funding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Resource Concentration ◽  
National School ◽  
Relative Wealth ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Funding Distribution

This article investigates trends in the relative wealth of the richest school districts in the United States between 2000 and 2015. For the purposes of discussion, I focus on the top 1% of districts. I argue that trends in school funding for the richest districts deserve greater attention from education researchers. Districts in the top 1% of the cost-adjusted, national school funding distribution are disproportionately suburban, affluent, and White. The relative wealth of these districts increased sharply (31.59%) between 2000 and 2015. Disaggregating these trends reveals large variation between states. Nevertheless, resource concentration in the top percentile of school districts increased in a large majority of states. These findings cannot be explained by efforts to provide additional educational resources to students with the greatest needs, and they suggest the ways in which the concentration of affluence accompanying growing economic inequality may be changing school funding.

PACS Failure Mode and Effects

2010 ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
Carrison K.S. Tong ◽  
Eric T.T. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Medical Error ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Leadership Standards ◽  
The Cost

There are some medical errors for which preventability is rarely questioned. These include medical errors such as wrong site surgery, wrong procedure, wrong patient operations (Seiden & Barach, 2006; Michaels et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2007), wrong drug/dose/duration (Pugh et al., 2005) or incompatible organ transplantation (Cook et al., 2007). Less preventable medical errors include judgment type errors such as case studies reported in journals, where one or more experts review the treatment decisions of a clinician and conclude that the clinician’s judgment was incorrect (Lukela et al., 2005). Many healthcare managers first heard about Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FMEA when Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) released its Leadership Standards and Elements of Performance Guidelines in July 2002 (JCAHO, 2002). The purpose of performing an FMEA for JCAHO was to identify where and when possible system failures could occur and to prevent those problems before they happen. If a particular, failure could not be prevented, then the goal would be to prevent the issue from affecting healthcare organizations in the accreditation process. FMEA is a tool that when performed adequately, can reduce the risk of preventable medical errors. Hospitals in the United States that are accredited by JCAHO are required to perform at least one FMEA each year. The main output of FMEA is a series of mitigations, each of which is some process change implemented to reduce the risk of error. Because resources are limited, implementing all mitigations is not possible so the challenge is to find the set of mitigations that provides the highest reduction in risk for the least cost. Hence, preventability may be viewed in terms of the cost and effectiveness of mitigation. A low-cost and effective mitigation is associated with a highly preventable medical error, whereas a high-cost and or less effective mitigation is associated with a less preventable medical error. Currently AAPM TG 100 (2007) is reviewing reports from previous task groups and from several professional organizations. This group is also reviewing ISO guidelines in an effort develop a suitable general QA approach that “balances patient safety and quality versus resources commonly available and strikes a good balance between prescriptiveness and flexibility.” The TG 100 initiative identifies three industrial engineering–based tools as potential components of a QA management system in radiation therapy and FMEA is one of them.

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