Alignment of North American Activities to the UNEP/SETAC Life-Cycle Initiative

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
James Fava ◽  
Joyce Smith Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Cycle Initiative

Life Cycle Studies of Two North American Grass Rusts

Mycologia ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-890
Author(s):  
John W. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American

Black liquor evaporator upgrades— life cycle cost analysis

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-221
Author(s):  
JAMES G. CANTRELL
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Paper Machine ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Forced Circulation

Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black liquor evaporators can represent a third or more of the total mill steam usage, followed by the paper machine and digester. Evaporator steam economy is defined as the unit mass of steam required to evaporate a unit mass of water from black liquor (i.e., lb/lb or kg/kg.) The economy is determined by the number of effects in an evaporator train and the system configuration. Older systems use four to six effects, most of which are the long tube vertical rising film type. Newer systems may be designed with seven or even eight effects using falling film and forced circulation crystallization technology for high product solids. The median age of all North American evaporator systems is 44 years. Roughly 25% of the current North American operating systems are 54 years or older. Older systems require more periodic maintenance and have a higher risk of unplanned downtime. Also, older systems have chronic issues with persistent liquor and vapor leaks, shell wall thinning, corrosion, and plugged tubes. Often these issues worsen to the point of requiring rebuild or replacement. When considering the age, technology, and lower efficiency of older systems, a major rebuild or new system may be warranted. The intent of this paper is to review the current state of black liquor evaporator systems in North America and present a basic method for determining whether a major rebuild or new installation is warranted using total life cycle cost analysis (LCCA).

Guru Granth Sahib in the Writings of Western Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Nesbitt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Modern Sense

The Guru Granth Sahib is, in Sikh belief, the scripture that embodies their living Guru. Although major anthologists of western writers on Sikhs and their religious tradition have hardly noticed many European and North American women’s observations and comments, Sikhs and their scripture have featured in the travelogues and novels, journals, memoirs and monographs written by western women who were neither converts to Sikhism nor academics in the modern sense. Many of these women described the prominence and honouring of the Sikhs’ scripture, Guru Granth Sahib in the gurdwaras that they visited, some mentioned its role in life cycle rites, and some wrote about the content of Sikh scripture. For this they relied on (male) translators. In the context of their own Christian religious background and intellectual journeys, this paper examines the responses of western women to both the physical presence and the content of the Guru Granth Sahib, including Annie Besant’s understanding of Guru Nanak as a populariser of Vedanta.

scholarly journals The water-scarcity footprint of Australian adult diets – evidence from a large population health survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Ridoutt ◽  
Danielle Baird ◽  
Kimberley Anastasiou ◽  
Gilly Hendrie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Life Cycle Initiative ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
Freshwater Use ◽  
Dietary Water

AbstractThe food system is responsible for around 70% of global freshwater use. Pathways toward responsible consumption and production of food are therefore critically needed to ensure the planetary boundary for freshwater use is not transgressed. There is also an uneven spatial distribution of freshwater resources and human water demands, meaning that water-scarcity is acute in some regions but a lesser concern in others. Quantifying the water-scarcity impacts associated with food consumption is therefore a complex challenge due to the diversity of individual eating patterns, the very large number of individual food products available, and the many different regions where food is grown or processed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to calculate water footprints for a large number of self-selected diets. Life cycle assessment was used to model the water-scarcity footprints of 9,341 individual Australian adult diets obtained through 24-hour recall as part of the most recent Australian Health Survey. Three water-scarcity indicators were used, including the AWARE model recently developed by a project group working under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) / Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative (www.lifecycleinitiative.org). In addition, a diet quality score was calculated for each of these diets. Our objective was to identify pathways toward healthier diets with lower water-scarcity impacts. Dietary water-scarcity footprints averaged 362 L-eq person-1 day-1 and were highly variable (sd. 218 L-eq person-1 day-1), reflecting the diversity of eating habits in the general community. The largest water-scarcity impacts were related to the excessive consumption of discretionary foods (alcoholic beverages, processed meat products, dairy desserts, cream, butter, muesli bars, confectionery, chocolate, biscuits, cakes, waffles, fried potato and extruded snacks, etc.). The potential to reduce dietary water-scarcity impacts is large, although the opportunity to intervene through amended dietary guidelines is not straightforward due to the large variations in water-scarcity footprint intensity between individual foods within a food group, and the inability of consumers to identify lower water-scarcity footprint products without food labeling. Reductions in the water-scarcity footprint of Australian food consumption are likely best achieved through reductions in food waste, technological change to improve water-use efficiency in food production, as well as the implementation of product reformulation and procurement strategies in the food manufacturing sector to avoid higher water-scarcity footprint intensity ingredients.

scholarly journals North American Paragonimiasis (Caused by Paragonimus kellicotti) in the Context of Global Paragonimiasis

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Procop
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Imported Disease ◽  
Laboratory Features ◽  
Highly Evolved

SUMMARY Paragonimus species are highly evolved parasites with a complex life cycle that involves at least three different hosts, i.e., snails, crustaceans, and mammals. The adult forms of Paragonimus species reside and mate in the lungs of a variety of permissive mammalian hosts, including humans. Although human paragonimiasis is uncommonly encountered in North America, both autochthonous and imported disease may be encountered. Paragonimus kellicotti, the species endemic to North America, is a well-known pathogen in wild and domestic animals. Five patients with North American paragonimiasis have been reported in the recent medical literature. The biologic, clinical, radiologic, and laboratory features of paragonimiasis are reviewed, with emphasis on North American paragonimiasis whenever possible.

Status of North American Life Cycle Inventory Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Cooper ◽  
Jim Fava ◽  
Kathrina Simonen ◽  
Sarah Boyd ◽  
Steve Baer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory Data ◽  
American Life

scholarly journals The Application of Diabatic Heating inQ-Vectors for the Study of a North American Cyclone Event

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie L. Crandall ◽  
Patrick S. Market ◽  
Anthony R. Lupo ◽  
Laurel P. McCoy ◽  
Rachel J. Tillott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Latent Heating ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Vector Form ◽  
Central United States

An extended version of theQ-vector form for theω-equation that includes diabatic (in particular latent) heating in theQ-vector itself is derived and tested for use in analyzing the life-cycle of a midlatitude cyclone that developed over the central United States during 24–26 December 2009. While the inclusion of diabatic heating in theQ-vectorω-equation is not unique to this work, the inclusion of diabatic heating in theQ-vector itself is a unique formulation. Here it is shown that the diabaticQ-vector gives a better representation of the forcing contributing to the life-cycle of the Christmas Storm of 2009 using analyses derived from the 80-km NAM.

scholarly journals Antispila oinophylla new species (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae), a new North American grapevine leafminer invading Italian vineyards: taxonomy, DNA barcodes and life cycle

ZooKeys ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 29-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik van Nieukerken ◽  
David Wagner ◽  
Mario Baldessari ◽  
Luca Mazzon ◽  
Gino Angeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
North American ◽  
Dna Barcodes
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