scholarly journals Molecular detection of parvovirus in Manchurian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus asiaticus) captured in Korea

Intervirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Il Kim ◽  
Kwangsook Park ◽  
Hyunho Shin ◽  
Soo Min Choi ◽  
Ki-Joon Song
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Korean Strain ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Genetic Sequences ◽  
Tamias Sibiricus ◽  
Bovine Parvovirus ◽  
Kidney Liver

Cross-species transmission of viral diseases alarms our global community for its potential of novel pandemic events. Of various viral pathogens noted recently, parvoviruses have posed public health threats not only to humans but to wild animals. To investigate the prevalence of parvoviruses in wild Manchurian chipmunks, here we detected genetic fragments of the nonstructural protein of parvovirus by polymerase chain reaction in wild Manchurian chipmunk specimens captured in the central and southern regions of South Korea and compared their sequence homology with references. Of a total of 348 specimens examined, chipmunk parvovirus (ChpPV)-specific gene fragments were detected with a 31.32 % rate (109 chipmunks of 348) in their kidney, liver, lung, and spleen samples, and the chipmunks captured in Gangwon Province exhibited the highest positive rate (45.37%), followed by Gyeongsang (35.29%), Gyeonggi (31.03%), Chungcheong (20.00%), and Jeolla (19.70%). When compared with the reference sequences registered in GenBank, a partial ChpPV sequence showed 97.70% identity to the previously reported Korean strain at the nucleic acid level. In the phylogenetic analysis, ChpPV exhibited closer relationship to primate parvoviruses, erythroviruses, and bovine parvovirus than to adeno-associated viruses. Despite limited sample size and genetic sequences examined in this study, our results underline the prevalence of ChpPV in Korea and emphasize the need of close surveillance of parvoviruses in wild animals.

scholarly journals Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Wang ◽  
◽  
Shi-Xia Zhou ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals The Transcription Profile of the Bocavirus Bovine Parvovirus Is Unlike Those of Previously Characterized Parvoviruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 12080-12085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianming Qiu ◽  
Fang Cheng ◽  
F. Brent Johnson ◽  
David Pintel
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Capsid Proteins ◽  
Transcription Profile ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bovine Parvovirus ◽  
Transcription Map

ABSTRACT The Bocavirus bovine parvovirus generated a single pre-mRNA from a promoter at its left-hand end; however, the pattern of its alternative polyadenylation and splicing was different from that of other parvoviruses. A large left-hand-end open reading frame (ORF) encoded a nonstructural protein of approximately 95 kDa. An abundant, spliced, internally polyadenylated transcript encoded the viral NP1 protein from an ORF in the center of the genome. Transcripts encoding the capsid proteins were polyadenylated in the right-hand terminal palindrome. This is the first published transcription map of a member of the Bocavirus genus of the Parvovirinae.

scholarly journals Discovery and Evolution of a Divergent Coronavirus in the Plateau Pika From China That Extends the Host Range of Alphacoronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wentao Zhu ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Shan Lu ◽  
Dong Jin ◽  
Shusheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
New Order ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Plateau Pika ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Qinghai Province

Although plateau pikas are the keystone species in the plateau ecosystem of the Qinghai Province of China, little is known about their role in the evolution and transmission of viral pathogens, especially coronaviruses. Here, we describe the characterization and evolution of a novel alphacoronavirus, termed plateau pika coronavirus (PPCoV) P83, which has a prevalence of 4.5% in plateau pika fecal samples. In addition to classical gene order, the complete viral genome contains a unique nonstructural protein (NS2), several variable transcription regulatory sequences and a highly divergent spike protein. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the newly discovered PPCoV falls into the genus Alphacoronavirus and is most closely related to rodent alphacoronaviruses. The co-speciation analysis shows that the phylogenetic trees of the alphacoronaviruses and their hosts are not always matched, suggesting inter-species transmission is common in alphacoronaviruses. And, PPCoV origin was estimated by molecular clock based on membrane and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoding genes, respectively, which revealed an apparent discrepancy with that of co-speciation analysis. PPCoV was detected mainly in intestinal samples, indicating a potential enteric tropism for the virus. Overall, this study extends the host range of alphacoronaviruses to a new order (Lagomorpha), indicating that plateau pikas may be the natural reservoir of PPCoV and play an important and long-term role in alphacoronavirus evolution.

Molecular detection of porcine circo virus type 2 and porcine parvo virus inpigs having reproductive problems and histopathologicalstudies in the tissue of aborted pig foetuses

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Pegu ◽  
D. K. Sarma ◽  
S. Rajkhowa ◽  
M. Choudhury ◽  
D. Sarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Lymphoid Depletion ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Kidney Liver

The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvo virus (PPV) in 54 porcine aborted foetuses, stillborns and mummified foetuses. Foetal tissues of heart, lung, spleen and lymphnodes were used for extraction of total DNA and the presence of viral pathogens were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 54 samples, nine (16.6%) samples were positive for PCV2, eight (14.8%) samples were positive for PPV while co-infection with PCV2 and PPV was detected in four (7.4%) samples. The histopathological changes in the foetuses were found to be mostly necrosis in the cells of the developing organs viz. lungs, kidney, liver, heart, brain, spleen and lymphnodes. Lymphoid depletion was observed in the lymphoid follicles of the lymphnodes. Meningoencephalitis in the cerebrum was also seen in both PPV and PCV2 infected foetuses. The results indicated that PPV and PCV2 could be an important infectious agent in cases of porcine stillbirths, abortions and mummified foetuses.

scholarly journals Targeting NSP16 Methyltransferase for the Broad-Spectrum Clinical Management of Coronaviruses: Managing the Next Pandemic

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ilham M. Alshiraihi ◽  
Gerald L. Klein ◽  
Mark A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Acute Nature

With the approval and distribution of demonstrably safe COVID-19 vaccines bearing exceptionally high efficacy profiles, it may be tempting to envision a return to “normal” in the coming months. However, if there is one lesson to be learned from the ongoing pandemic, it is that, in a world of evolving zoonotic viruses, we must be better prepared for the next deadly outbreak. While the acute nature of the COVID-19 pandemic demanded a highly specific approach, it is advisable to consider the breadth of seemingly endless possibilities in our approach to managing the next inevitable occurrence of an outbreak. Though there is little chance of discovering a “magic pill” to combat all future pathogens, the highly conserved nature of non-surface viral proteins exposes an “Achilles’ heel” in the structural genome of viral pathogens. Herein, we consider the potential of targeting such proteins to develop broad-spectrum therapeutics for the future. To illustrate this point, we outline the therapeutic potential of targeting the nonstructural protein 16 methyltransferase, which is conserved across most coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Coronaviruses of wild animals in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Rustam Gilmutdinov ◽  
Guzel Shalamova ◽  
Sergey Domolazov
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
European Wildcat

The review considers wild animal coronaviruses that live in Russia and present certain epidemic and epizootic risks. It is believed that coronaviruses entered the human population from representatives of the wild fauna and bats (the main hosts are natural reservoirs), as well as snakes, pangolins, civets, camels (intermediate hosts) are proposed as candidates. Meanwhile, this list is much wider and the intermediate link may be feline (tigers, leopards, Pallas’s cats, caracals, European wildcat and eurasian lynxs), mustelidae (american minks, ferrets and siberian weasel), rodents (mice and rats), marine mammals (harbour seal, bottlenose dolphin and beluga whale), as well as insectivores, namely hedgehogs (European, Amur and other species). The majority (60-75 %) of viral pathogens enter the human population from animals, of which at least 70% are wild. The influence of the exploitation of wild animals by mankind on the appearance of pandemics has been observed, which in itself provokes the emergence of new viruses in nature. Flora and fauna, adapting to the growing anthropogenic impact, are geographically redistributed.

scholarly journals blaNDM and mcr-1 to mcr-5 Gene Distribution Characteristics in Gut Specimens from Different Regions of China

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Dongyue Lv ◽  
Ran Duan ◽  
Rong Fan ◽  
Hui Mu ◽  
Junrong Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
High Detection Rate ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
And Control

Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health concern. To determine the distribution characteristics of mcr and blaNDM in China, gene screening was conducted directly from gut specimens sourced from livestock and poultry, poultry environments, human diarrhea patients, and wild animals from 10 regions, between 2010–2020. The positive rate was 5.09% (356/6991) for mcr and 0.41% (29/6991) for blaNDM, as detected in gut specimens from seven regions, throughout 2010 to 2019, but not detected in 2020. The detection rate of mcr showed significant differences among various sources: livestock and poultry (14.81%) > diarrhea patients (1.43%) > wild animals (0.36%). The detection rate of blaNDM was also higher in livestock and poultry (0.88%) than in diarrhea patients (0.17%), and this was undetected in wildlife. This is consistent with the relatively high detection rate of multiple mcr genotypes in livestock and poultry. All instances of coexistence of the mcr-1 and blaNDM genes, as well as coexistence of mcr genotypes within single specimens, and most new mcr subtypes came from livestock, and poultry environments. Our study indicates that the emergence of mcr and blaNDM genes in China is closely related to the selective pressure of carbapenem and polymyxin. The gene-based strategy is proposed to identify more resistance genes of concern, possibly providing guidance for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

Three Dimensional structure and organization of diploid chromosomes by optical section microscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 633-635
Author(s):  
David A. Agard ◽  
Yasushi Hiraoka ◽  
John W. Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complementary Techniques ◽  
Dynamic Structures

In an effort to understand the complex relationship between structure and biological function within the nucleus, we have embarked on a program to examine the three-dimensional structure and organization of Drosophila melanogaster embryonic chromosomes. Our overall goal is to determine how DNA and proteins are organized into complex and highly dynamic structures (chromosomes) and how these chromosomes are arranged in three dimensional space within the cell nucleus. Futher, we hope to be able to correlate structual data with such fundamental biological properties as stage in the mitotic cell cycle, developmental state and transcription at specific gene loci.Towards this end, we have been developing methodologies for the three-dimensional analysis of non-crystalline biological specimens using optical and electron microscopy. We feel that the combination of these two complementary techniques allows an unprecedented look at the structural organization of cellular components ranging in size from 100A to 100 microns.

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