Analysis of the Expression Pattern of Cajal-Retzius Cell Markers in the Xenopus laevis Forebrain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sara Jiménez ◽  
Nerea Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Nuclear Organization ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Basic Organization ◽  
In Situhybridization ◽  
Retzius Cell ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Cortical Hem

Cajal-Retzius cells are essential for cortical development in mammals, and their involvement in the evolution of this structure has been widely postulated, but very little is known about their progenitor domains in non-mammalian vertebrates. Using in situhybridization and immunofluorescence techniques we analyzed the expression of some of the main Cajal-Retzius cell markers such as Dbx1, Ebf3, ER81, Lhx1, Lhx5, p73, Reelin, Wnt3a, Zic1, and Zic2 in the forebrain of the anuran Xenopus laevis, because amphibians are the only class of anamniote tetrapods and show a tetrapartite evaginated pallium, but no layered or nuclear organization. Our results suggested that the Cajal-Retzius cell progenitor domains were comparable to those previously described in amniotes. Thus, at dorsomedial telencephalic portions a region comparable to the cortical hem was defined in Xenopus based on the expression of Wnt3a, p73, Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2. In the septum, two different domains were observed: a periventricular dorsal septum, at the limit between the pallium and the subpallium, expressing Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2, and a related septal domain, expressing Ebf3, Zic1, and Zic2. In the lateral telencephalon, the ventral pallium next to the pallio-subpallial boundary, the lack of Dbx1 and the unique expression of Reelin during development defined this territory as the most divergent with respect to mammals. Finally, we also analyzed the expression of these markers at the prethalamic eminence region, suggested as Cajal-Retzius progenitor domain in amniotes, observing there Zic1, Zic2, ER81, and Lhx1 expression. Our data show that in anurans there are different subtypes and progenitor domains of Cajal-Retzius cells, which probably contribute to the cortical regional specification and territory-specific properties. This supports the notion that the basic organization of pallial derivatives in vertebrates follows a comparable fundamental arrangement, even in those that do not have a sophisticated stratified cortical structure like the mammalian cerebral cortex.

Disabled-1 acts downstream of Reelin in a signaling pathway that controls laminar organization in the mammalian brain

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (18) ◽  
pp. 3719-3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Rice ◽  
M. Sheldon ◽  
G. D'Arcangelo ◽  
K. Nakajima ◽  
D. Goldowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Granule Neurons ◽  
Adapter Protein ◽  
Cell Position ◽  
Neuronal Precursors ◽  
Retzius Cells

Mutation of either reelin (Reln) or disabled-1 (Dab1) results in widespread abnormalities in laminar structures throughout the brain and ataxia in reeler and scrambler mice. Both exhibit the same neuroanatomical defects, including cerebellar hypoplasia with Purkinje cell ectopia and disruption of neuronal layers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Despite these phenotypic similarities, Reln and Dab1 have distinct molecular properties. Reln is a large extracellular protein secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells in the forebrain and by granule neurons in the cerebellum. In contrast, Dab1 is a cytoplasmic protein which has properties of an adapter protein that functions in phosphorylation-dependent intracellular signal transduction. Here, we show that Dab1 participates in the same developmental process as Reln. In scrambler mice, neuronal precursors are unable to invade the preplate of the cerebral cortex and consequently, they do not align within the cortical plate. During development, cells expressing Dab1 are located next to those secreting Reln at critical stages of formation of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus, before the first abnormalities in cell position become apparent in either reeler or scrambler. In reeler, the major populations of displaced neurons contain elevated levels of Dab1 protein, although they express normal levels of Dab1 mRNA. This suggests that Dab1 accumulates in the absence of a Reln-evoked signal. Taken together, these results indicate that Dab1 functions downstream of Reln in a signaling pathway that controls cell positioning in the developing brain.

Cajal-Retzius Cells as Electrostatic Guides for Migrating Neurons

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Persinger ◽  
N. Ian Robb
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pial Surface ◽  
Ventricular Surface ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Retzius Cell ◽  
Retzius Cells

A model is presented to explain one of the possible functions of the Cajal-Retzius cells which are known to mature perinatally but not to survive into late infantile life. In this model the processes of the Cajal-Retzius (C. R.) cells and the ventricular surface act as a transient capacitor-like mechanism during neural migration. Neurons which are connected to the ventricular surface during migration by an end foot are consequently guided by the Cajal-Retzius cell processes located in the upper strata of the cortical molecular layer. Once the end foot is severed migration stops and differentiation begins. When the period of migration nears completion postnatally, the mechanism is destroyed as these cells die or lose their connection with the cortical pial surface. Calculations are given to support the feasibility of this model.

Differential and overlapping expression patterns of X-dll3 and Pax-6 genes suggest distinct roles in olfactory system development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2049-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Dominique Franco ◽  
Michael P. Pape ◽  
Jennifer J. Swiergiel ◽  
Gail D. Burd
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
System Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Olfactory Placode ◽  
Water Borne

SUMMARY In Xenopus laevis, the formation of the adult olfactory epithelium involves embryonic, larval and metamorphic phases. The olfactory epithelium in the principal cavity (PC) develops during embryogenesis from the olfactory placode and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants throughout larval life. During metamorphosis, the PC undergoes major transformations and is exposed to air-borne odorants. Also during metamorphosis, the middle cavity (MC) develops de novo. The olfactory epithelium in the MC has the same characteristics as that in the larval PC and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression pattern of the homeobox genes X-dll3 and Pax-6 within the developing olfactory system. Early in development, X-dll3 is expressed in both the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm of the sense plate and in all cell layers of the olfactory placode and larval PC. Expression becomes restricted to the neurons and basal cells of the PC by mid-metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, X-dll3 is also expressed throughout the developing MC epithelium and becomes restricted to neurons and basal cells at metamorphic climax. This expression pattern suggests that X-dll3 is first involved in the patterning and genesis of all cells forming the olfactory tissue and is then involved in neurogenesis or neuronal maturation in putative water- and air-sensing epithelia. In contrast, Pax-6 expression is restricted to the olfactory placode, larval PC and metamorphic MC, suggesting that Pax-6 is specifically involved in the formation of water-sensing epithelium. The expression patterns suggest that X-dll3 and Pax-6 are both involved in establishing the olfactory placode during embryonic development, but subtle differences in cellular and temporal expression patterns suggest that these genes have distinct functions.

The hem of the embryonic cerebral cortex is defined by the expression of multiple Wnt genes and is compromised in Gli3-deficient mice

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (12) ◽  
pp. 2315-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Grove ◽  
S. Tole ◽  
J. Limon ◽  
L. Yip ◽  
C.W. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cubitus Interruptus ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
Developmental Relationship ◽  
Cortical Hem ◽  
Deficient Mice

In the developing vertebrate CNS, members of the Wnt gene family are characteristically expressed at signaling centers that pattern adjacent parts of the neural tube. To identify candidate signaling centers in the telencephalon, we isolated Wnt gene fragments from cDNA derived from embryonic mouse telencephalon. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that one of the isolated Wnt genes, Wnt7a, is broadly expressed in the embryonic telencephalon. By contrast, three others, Wnt3a, 5a and a novel mouse Wnt gene, Wnt2b, are expressed only at the medial edge of the telencephalon, defining the hem of the cerebral cortex. The Wnt-rich cortical hem is a transient, neuron-containing, neuroepithelial structure that forms a boundary between the hippocampus and the telencephalic choroid plexus epithelium (CPe) throughout their embryonic development. Indicating a close developmental relationship between the cortical hem and the CPe, Wnt gene expression is upregulated in the cortical hem both before and just as the CPe begins to form, and persists until birth. In addition, although the cortical hem does not show features of differentiated CPe, such as expression of transthyretin mRNA, the CPe and cortical hem are linked by shared expression of members of the Bmp and Msx gene families. In the extra-toesJ (XtJ) mouse mutant, telencephalic CPe fails to develop. We show that Wnt gene expression is deficient at the cortical hem in XtJ/XtJ mice, but that the expression of other telencephalic developmental control genes, including Wnt7a, is maintained. The XtJ mutant carries a deletion in Gli3, a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila gene cubitus interruptus (ci), which encodes a transcriptional regulator of the Drosophila Wnt gene, wingless. Our observations indicate that Gli3 participates in Wnt gene regulation in the vertebrate telencephalon, and suggest that the loss of telencephalic choroid plexus in XtJ mice is due to defects in the cortical hem that include Wnt gene misregulation.

scholarly journals Early B-cell factors 2 and 3 (EBF2/3) regulate early migration of Cajal–Retzius cells from the cortical hem

2012 ◽  
Vol 365 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Chiara ◽  
Aurora Badaloni ◽  
Laura Croci ◽  
Mason L. Yeh ◽  
Anna Cariboni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Early Migration ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Cortical Hem

scholarly journals BDNF Regulates Reelin Expression and Cajal-Retzius Cell Development in the Cerebral Cortex

Neuron ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ringstedt ◽  
Sten Linnarsson ◽  
Joseph Wagner ◽  
Urban Lendahl ◽  
Zaal Kokaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Retzius Cell
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