scholarly journals The Underestimated Role of Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Rhinopathies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Matteo Gelardi ◽  
Rossana Giancaspro ◽  
Michele Cassano ◽  
Domenico Ribatti
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Tailored Therapy ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Nasal Cytology

Mast cells (MCs) are involved in several biological processes, such as defense against pathogens, immunomodulation, tissue repair after injury, and angiogenesis. MCs have been shown to change from protective immune cells to potent pro-inflammatory cells, influencing the progression of many pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancers. The role of MCs in the pathogenesis of rhinopathies has often been underestimated, since previous studies have focused their attention on eosinophils and neutrophils, while MCs were considered involved exclusively in allergic rhinitis. However, recent nasal cytology findings have shown the involvement of MCs in several rhinopathies, such as NARMA, NARESMA, and CRSwNP. These recent evidences highlight the crucial role that MCs play in orchestrating the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, through complex biological mechanisms, not yet fully understood. In this context, a better understanding of these mechanisms is fundamental for practicing Precision Medicine, which requires careful population selection and stratification into subgroups based on the phenotype/endotype of the patients, in order to guarantee the patient a tailored therapy. Based on this background, further studies are needed to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms involving MCs and, consequently, to develop targeted therapies aimed to obtain a selective inhibition of tissue remodeling and preventing MC-mediated immune suppression.

scholarly journals Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Puhm ◽  
Eric Boilard ◽  
Kellie R. Machlus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

scholarly journals Role of Overweight and Obesity in Gastrointestinal Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Emerenziani ◽  
Michele Pier Luca Guarino ◽  
Laura Trillo Asensio ◽  
Annamaria Altomare ◽  
Mentore Ribolsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Overall Mortality

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, leading to a severe impairment of overall health. Actually, obesity has been associated with several pathological conditions, causing an excess overall mortality. In particular, overweight and obesity are well known risk factors for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders i.e., functional GI disorders as well as, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pancreatitis, and GI cancer. The aim of the present review is to summarize the potential role of overweight and obesity in GI disease with particular focus on plausible biological mechanisms that could explain the association between obesity and GI disease based on the most recent evidence in the literature.

Darwinian Uncertainty

KronoScope ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Greenspan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Contrasting View

AbstractReductionistic explanations in biology generally assume that biological mechanisms are highly deterministic. A contrasting view has emerged recently that takes into account the degeneracy of biological processes- the ability to arrive at a given endpoint by a variety of available paths- and pays particular attention to the role of history and contingency in biology.

scholarly journals The long Non-coding RNA Orchestrator of Cancer Axis of Evil Insights into the Multiple Modes of Action of the H19 Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Imad Matouk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
H19 Gene ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna ◽  
Shed Light

Increasing evidence has indicated that the non-coding RNA molecules play central roles in almost all biological processes and many pathological conditions including carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the pathological tumorigenic role of the first discovered long non-coding RNA gene called H19 and its pivotal contribution to the cancer axis of evil. H19 RNA utilizes a variety of mechanisms to perform its pathological function. Some key unanswered questions are presented by the end. Understanding the H19 RNA mechanisms of action will shed light into the class of long non-coding RNA which contains thousands of members mostly with unknown function and will help in delineating the pathological role played by at least some of them.

scholarly journals Mast Cells and Angiogenesis in Human Plasma Cell Malignancies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Ribatti ◽  
Roberto Tamma ◽  
Angelo Vacca
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Inhibition Of Angiogenesis ◽  
Hematological Tumors

Bone marrow angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of hematological malignancies. It is well known that tumor microenvironment promotes tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and also mediates mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. An increased number of mast cells has been demonstrated in angiogenesis associated with hematological tumors. In this review we focused on the role of mast cells in angiogenesis in human plasma cell malignancies. In this context, mast cells might act as a new target for the adjuvant treatment of these tumors through the selective inhibition of angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and tumor-promoting molecules, permitting the secretion of cytotoxic cytokines and preventing mast cell-mediated immune suppression.

Monocyte function and trafficking in cardiovascular disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 804-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Pardali ◽  
Johannes Waltenberger
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Injury Repair ◽  
Disease Marker ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Cardio Vascular

SummaryMonocytes are key effectors of the immune homeostasis and play a crucial role in (vascular) injury repair. Despite their role in immune defense and tissue repair mechanisms, monocytes are also involved in several pathological conditions such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. This suggests that monocytes can be used as diagnostic and as therapeutic targets. A better understanding and characterisation of monocytes and their function in both physiological and pathological situations is thus of great interest. This review focuses on recent advances on the role of monocytes in cardiovascular diseases and describes the value of monocytes as either disease marker or therapeutic target for (cardio)vascular diseases.

Morphometric study of eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and fibrosis in the colon of chronic chagasic patients with and without megacolon

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. M. da SILVEIRA ◽  
S. J. ADAD ◽  
R. CORREA-OLIVEIRA ◽  
J. B. FURNESS ◽  
D. D'AVILA REIS
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Chagasic Megacolon ◽  
Histology And Immunohistochemistry

SUMMARYThe mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of chagasic megacolon are not completely characterized. Although autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease, recent studies suggest a positive association of tissue parasitism, inflammation, and severity of lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of inflammatory cells and the occurrence of fibrosis in the colon of chagasic patients with and without megacolon. Samples from 26 patients were randomly selected and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were sectioned and evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry to analyse the occurrence and relation among eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and fibrosis. Section analyses showed that the presence of eosinophils and mast cells in the analysed inflammatory cells has a direct correlation with fibrosis density in the chagasic megacolon. These data suggest that the megacolon's pathogenesis is based on a continuous process of cell damage. Our data propose that eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages may have a direct connection with the occurrence of fibrosis in the colon of chagasic patients. We believe that potential therapeutic agents against these cells could avoid the fibrosis process and contribute to prevent the development of chagasic megacolon.

Renal gene expression profiling using kinin B1 and B2 receptor knockout mice reveals comparable modulation of functionally related genes

2006 ◽  
Vol 387 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimcho Bachvarov ◽  
Magdalena Bachvarova ◽  
Rainelli Koumangaye ◽  
Julie Klein ◽  
João Bosco Pesquero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Null Mouse ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
B1 Receptor ◽  
Pathological Conditions

Abstract The kinin B2 receptor, which is constitutively expressed in a large number of tissues, mediates most of the known effects of bradykinin (BK). Normally undetectable in healthy tissues, the B1 receptor is strongly over-expressed under pathological conditions. BK is an important mediator in renal homeostasis and is mainly known for its natriuretic and vasodilatory effects. Recent data evidenced a role for BK in many other biological processes, such as apoptosis, development, extracellular matrix regulation and angiogenesis. In a first step to better understand how BK and its receptors could be involved in such a large variety of biological effects, we used microarray analysis to identify, under physiological conditions, the global renal gene expression profile in mice lacking either the kinin B1 or B2 receptor. Microarray experiments were performed using Agilent Mouse Oligonucleotide Microarrays (21 000 genes/microarray). Interestingly, there was a considerable number of mostly downregulated genes in both BK null mouse models compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, a number of genes that are known to be implicated in renal physiology and/or pathology were differentially expressed in the BK null mice, which is indicative of the important role of both BK receptors in renal function.

scholarly journals Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Jiménez ◽  
Daniel Cervantes-García ◽  
Laura E. Córdova-Dávalos ◽  
Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Microbial Destruction ◽  
Pathogen Clearance

Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.

Epithelial Cells and Their Neighbors. III. Interactions between intraepithelial lymphocytes and neighboring epithelial cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (4) ◽  
pp. G627-G630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Havran ◽  
Julie M. Jameson ◽  
Deborah A. Witherden
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Epithelial Growth

Intraepithelial γδ-T cells are present in all epithelial tissues, where they reside in close contact with neighboring epithelial cells. Our data support the idea that the role of these cells is to monitor neighboring cells for signs of damage or disease. Once a problem is detected, the intraepithelial γδ-T cells can lyse damaged or malignant epithelial cells, directly participate in tissue repair through production of epithelial growth factors, and play a unique role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of damage. Intraepithelial γδ-T cells play unique roles in homeostasis and disease.

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