scholarly journals Cyclosporin A as an Alternative Neuroimmune Strategy to Control Neurites and Recover Neuronal Tissues in Leprosy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jessica Batista de Jesus ◽  
Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena ◽  
Barbarella de Matos Macchi ◽  
José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Peripheral Neuron ◽  
Neuronal Tissues

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, continues to have a substantial impact on infectious diseases throughout the world. Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> and shows a wide clinical and immunopathological spectrum related to the immune response of the host. This disease affects the skin and other internal organs with a predilection to infect Schwann cells, which play an active role during axonal degeneration, affecting peripheral nerves and promoting neurological damage. This chronic inflammation influences immune function, leading to neuroimmune disorders. Leprosy is also associated with neuroimmune reactions, including type 1 (reverse) and type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum) reactions, which are immune-mediated inflammatory complications that can occur during the disease and appear to worsen dramatically; these complications are the main concerns of patients. The reactions may induce neuritis and neuropathic pain that progressively worsen with irreversible deformity and disabilities responsible for the immunopathological damage and glial/neuronal death. However, the neuronal damage is not always associated with the reactional episode. Also, the efficacy in the treatment of reactions remains low because of the nonexistence of a specific treatment and missing informations about the immunopathogenesis of the reactional episode. There is increasing evidence that peripheral neuron dysfunction strongly depends on the activity of neurotrophins. The most important neurotrophin in leprosy is nerve growth factor (NGF), which is decreased in the course of leprosy, as well as the presence of autoantibodies against NGF in all clinical forms of leprosy and neuroimmune reactions. The levels of autoantibodies against NGF are decreased by the immunomodulatory activity of cyclosporin A, which mainly controls pain and improves motor function and sensitivity. Therefore, the suppression of anti-NGF and the regulation of NGF levels can be attractive targets for immunomodulatory treatment and for controlling the neuroimmune reactions of leprosy, although further studies are needed to clarify this point.

scholarly journals Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activity of Silver Nanoparticles in Experimental RSV Infection

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Morris ◽  
Maria Ansar ◽  
Janice Speshock ◽  
Teodora Ivanciuc ◽  
Yue Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Inflammatory Chemokines ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infection in children for which no specific treatment option is available. The RSV virion contains two surface glycoproteins (F and G) that are vital for the initial phases of infection, making them critical targets for RSV therapeutics. Recent studies have identified the broad-spectrum antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against respiratory pathogens, such as adenovirus, parainfluenza, and influenza. AgNPs achieve this by attaching to viral glycoproteins, blocking entry into the host cell. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of AgNPs in RSV infection. Herein we demonstrate AgNP-mediated reduction in RSV replication, both in epithelial cell lines and in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. Marked reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α) and pro-inflammatory chemokines (i.e., CCL2, CCL3, CCL5) was also observed. Conversely, CXCL1, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were increased in RSV-infected mice treated with AgNPs, consistent with an increase of neutrophil recruitment and activation in the lung tissue. Following experimental antibody-dependent depletion of neutrophils, the antiviral effect of AgNPs in mice treated was ablated. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo report demonstrating antiviral activity of AgNPs during RSV infection.

A Novel Therapeutic Approach in Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3735-3735
Author(s):  
Christina Halsey ◽  
Solomon A. Ndoni ◽  
Roya Babaei-Jadidi ◽  
David Roper ◽  
Barbara J. Wild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Haemolytic Anaemia ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Protein Glycation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Transketolase Activity ◽  
Neuromuscular Dysfunction

Abstract Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by congenital haemolytic anaemia and progressive neuromuscular dysfunction. No specific treatment exists to alter the natural history and death usually follows in infancy or early childhood. Biochemically TPI deficiency is distinguished by dramatic accumulation of the triose phosphate dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP). DHAP undergoes spontaneous catabolism to methylglyoxal (MG) a potent mediator of protein and nucleotide glycation. MG levels are elevated in TPI deficiency and correlate with neuromuscular dysfunction. Accumulation of triose phosphates may be inhibited through stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway by maximizing the activity of transketolase which converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into ribose-5-phosphate. Transketolase activity can be enhanced by supplementation with the co-factor thiamine. Thiamine has been shown to reduce triosephosphate accumulation in human red blood cells in vitro but hitherto this not been studied in vivo. We report the outcome of a trial of thiamine supplementation in a female infant born to consanguineous south Asian parents who presented with a haemolytic anaemia at 3 weeks of age followed by neurological symptoms at 11 months culminating in respiratory failure requiring long-term mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis of TPI deficiency was made on the basis of enzyme assay and subsequent genetic analysis which demonstrated homozygosity for the Glu105Asp mutation of the TPI gene previously described in kindreds of European origin. There was marked elevation of red cell DHAP (550 % normal mean). Oral supplementation was commenced at 12 months of age with a lipophilic thiamine derivative - benzoyloxymethylthiamine - chosen to maximize potential CNS bioavailability at a dose of 5mg/kg/day. Response was assessed clinically and by assay of intermediates and metabolites in urine, blood, and CSF on day 0,1,7 and 14. Following thiamine supplementation there was a transient reduction in ventilatory requirement. A maximal (2–3 fold) increase in red cell thiamine and thiamine diphosphate (TPP) concentration was seen at 7 days. Red cell transketolase activity below that of saturation with TPP cofactor was 10% at day 0 and decreased to 0% thereafter. Despite persistently elevated DHAP levels a marked reduction in the MG metabolite D-Lactate of 90% in urine and 57% in the CSF was seen at day 14. Glyoxal a product of lipid peroxidation was also significantly reduced in CSF (70%). After 6 weeks the patient remained dependent on mechanical ventilation and the trial was discontinued. In conclusion oral thiamine supplementation was well tolerated and led to enhanced transketolase activity associated with indicators of reduced MG flux. Intervention preceding the onset of irreversible neuronal damage should be evaluated. Thiamine supplementation holds promise for the prevention and treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic complications in which MG-mediated protein glycation is implicated.

scholarly journals Cyclosporin A therapy of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in children [letter]

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1406-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Schultz ◽  
C Strahlendorf ◽  
I Warrier ◽  
Y Ravindranath
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Immune Mediated

Ayurvedic management for COVID-19 – A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1551-1559
Author(s):  
Tejashree Kantak ◽  
Swapnil Borage ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Symptomatic Management ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Given

As the corona pandemic has emerged, researchers around the globe are working on finding specific treatment for it. But till date, no conclusive specific treatment has been found, and we are following the protocols with symptomatic management. Ayurveda is an ancient science of healing, with highly sophisticated literature about diseases, their pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. The evaluation of different modalities for treating COVID-19 pandemic patients is the foremost aim of the study. For review, we used the knowledge of the ancient classics and past literature regarding human treatment guidelines mentioned in Ayurveda classics, for prevention and treatment of communicable diseases, to provide appropriate direction in the prevention of COVID-19. The thorough review has been done, of literature, Samhitas(Ayurveda Classics), and research articles which were published between January and June 2020 by PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, Ministry of AYUSH. The opinions of experts have also been referred to. As individuals with lower immunity have a higher risk of COVID-19, so the herbal Rasayana(Rejuvenating) drug, which has proven immunomodulatory activity, is also included in the given study. The Review for Ayurveda formulations, which might help in preventing the progression of COVID-19, has also been made. The Indian herbs are widely utilized in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines or formulations or in the form of drinks to manage various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold, and flu. Hence, these drugs are formulated by using active parts of the plants, which are used for preventing and treating the COVID-19. These formulations are immunity modulators and they prevent the spread of the virus, by intruding at a different stage of virus multiplication in the infected person.

scholarly journals Could nutritional supplements act as therapeutic adjuvants in COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Costagliola ◽  
Erika Spada ◽  
Pasquale Comberiati ◽  
Diego G. Peroni
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Few Data

Abstract Background The role of the immune system and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is well known. Currently, different therapies active on the immune system are used for the management of COVID-19. The involvement of the immune system also opens the opportunity for the use of nutritional supplements with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. Main aspects Nutritional supplements with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity are promising therapeutic adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19, and also for the prevention of viral spreading. In particular, the role of vitamin D, probiotics, lactoferrin, and zinc is of significant clinical interest, although there are only a few data on their use in COVID-19 patients. Their molecular actions, together with the results of studies performed on other respiratory infections, strongly suggest their potential utility in COVID-19. This article discusses the main properties of these nutritional supplements and their potential applicability in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion The supplementation with vitamin D, probiotics, lactoferrin and zinc could have a role both in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and in mitigating the clinical course in infected patients, contributing in the prevention of immune-mediated organ damage.

scholarly journals Astaxanthin: The possible effects of this carotenoid on disease, inflammation and aging control. A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Permeabilization

Astaxanthin (ATX), a red pigment that belongs to the xanthophyll subclass of carotenoids, has a strong antioxidant ability and can eliminate singlet oxygen (O2-) as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. ATX can also prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by permeating and co-localizing within the mitochondria and inhibit the release of cytochrome c resulting from mitochondrial permeabilization and, thus, prevent mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell death. Due to its antioxidant capacity and modulating properties of cell signaling, ATX exhibits a variety of beneficial biological activities among them protection against UV damage, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, metabolic syndrome (MS) relief, cardioprotective effects, antidiabetic activity, prevention of neuronal damage, anti-aging and anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate what has been published about ATX in PubMed/Medline between 2020-2021. The results were distributed in four Tables as follows: Table 1-Publication types; Table 2- Proposal for evaluating the article in vivo; Table 3- Cells markers used in clinical studies in vivo; Table 4- Astaxanthin in human clinical trial. We could observe that the interest of the scientific community has been growing in relation to the benefits of ATX. The results presented in the articles evaluated in this meta-analysis showed us that AXT is already a reality as an option in treatments for various diseases, including glaucoma, heart and vascular injury, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver. We conclude that ATX may not only be a promising nutraceutical as an ally to alternative treatments of the pathologies mentioned above, but also as a powerful prophylactic in elderly individuals in prevention of diseases associated with aging.

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus infection and congenital heart disease in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
E. A. Каshuba ◽  
Yu. S. Chehova ◽  
K. V. Gorbatikov ◽  
T. G. Drozdova ◽  
I. S. Totolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Congenital Heart Defects ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Congenital heart defects account for about 30% of all anomaly of development in children. Cytomegalovirus infection suffered by a woman during pregnancy claims one of the leading places among teratogenic factors.Aim: to study clinical and pathogenetic features of congenital heart diseases in children with active cytomegalovirus infection.Materials and methods: the survey included 240 children with congenital heart defects under 1 years old. The diagnosis was verified by enzyme immunoassay with detection of immunoglobulins of classes M and G to cytomegalovirus and by polymerase chain reaction, the material for which was blood and urine.Results. For congenital heart defects with the active forms of cytomegalovirus infection is characterized by a higher frequency of combined defects and the development of critical states. Children with cytomegalovirus infection in 40% suffered intrauterine myocarditis of cytomegalovirus etiology, which weighed the course of the underlying disease. The features characteristic of IUI was determined much more often (in the analysis of the noncardiac symptoms). Specific therapy of active forms of cytomegalovirus infection in children before surgery for correction of congenital heart defects has reduced the likelihood of postoperative complications.Summary. Cytomegalovirus infection has a direct teratogenic effect and can provoke the development of congenital heart defects. In addition, the virus has a cardiotropic and immune-mediated effect on the myocardium. This leads to the development of intrauterine myocarditis, which aggravates the course of the disease. The specific treatment of active forms of cytomegalovirus infection in children before surgery for the correction of congenital heart defects, reduces the likelihood of postoperative complications.

scholarly journals TRPV2 interacts with actin and reorganizes submembranous actin cytoskeleton

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Yadav ◽  
Chandan Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Peripheral Neuron ◽  
Neurite Initiation ◽  
Transient Receptor

Abstract The understanding of molecules and their role in neurite initiation and/or extension is not only helpful to prevent different neurodegenerative diseases but also can be important in neuronal damage repair. In this work, we explored the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2), a non-selective cation channel in the context of neurite functions. We confirm that functional TRPV2 is endogenously present in F11 cell line, a model system mimicking peripheral neuron. In F11 cells, TRPV2 localizes in specific subcellular regions enriched with filamentous actin, such as in growth cone, filopodia, lamellipodia and in neurites. TRPV2 regulates actin cytoskeleton and also interacts with soluble actin. Ectopic expression of TRPV2-GFP in F11 cell induces more primary and secondary neurites, confirming its role in neurite initiation, extension and branching events. TRPV2-mediated neuritogenesis is dependent on wildtype TRPV2 as cells expressing TRPV2 mutants reveal no neuritogenesis. These findings are relevant to understand the sprouting of new neurites, neuroregeneration and neuronal plasticity at the cellular, subcellular and molecular levels. Such understanding may have further implications in neurodegeneration and peripheral neuropathy.

scholarly journals Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Membrillo ◽  
Germán Ramírez-Olivencia ◽  
Miriam Estébanez ◽  
Begoña de Dios ◽  
María Dolores Herrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The Mean

Background: Although no specific treatment for COVID 19 has been proven effective yet, some drugs with in vitro potential against SARS-CoV-2 virus have been proposed for clinical use. Hydroxychloroquine has in vitro anti-viral and immunomodulatory activity, but there is no current clinical evidence of its effectiveness on the outcome of the disease. Methods: We enrolled all 18-85 years old inpatients from Central Defense Hospital, Madrid, Spain, who were hospitalised due to COVID-19 and had a definitive outcome (either dead or discharged). We used a statistical survival analysis. Results: We analysed 220 medical records. 166 patients met the inclusion criteria. 48,8 % of patients not treated with HCQ died, versus 22% in the group of hydroxychloroquine (p=0,002). According to clinical picture at admission, hydroxychloroquine increased the mean cumulative survival in all groups from 1,4 to 1,8 times. This difference was statistically significant in the mild group. Conclusions: in a cohort of 166 patients between 18 to 85 years hospitalised with COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine treatment with an initial loading dose of 800mg improved patient survival when admitted in early stages of the disease. There was a non-statistically significant trend towards survival in all groups, which will need to be clarified in subsequent studies.

scholarly journals Nephrotoxicity of Natural Products

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Nauffal ◽  
Steven Gabardi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Immune Mediated

Background: The manufacture and sale of natural products constitute a multi-billion dollar industry. Nearly a third of the American population admit to using some form of complementary or alternative medicine, with many using them in addition to prescription medications. Most patients fail to inform their healthcare providers of their natural product use and physicians rarely inquire. Annually, thousands of natural product-induced adverse events are reported to Poison Control Centers nationwide. Natural product manufacturers are not responsible for proving safety and efficacy, as the FDA does not regulate them. However, concerns exist surrounding the safety of natural products. Summary: This review provides details on natural products that have been associated with renal dysfunction. We have focused on products that have been associated with direct renal injury, immune-mediated nephrotoxicity, nephrolithiasis, rhabdomyolysis with acute renal injury, hepatorenal syndrome, and common adulterants or contaminants that are associated with renal dysfunction. Key Messages: The potential for natural products to cause renal dysfunction is justifiable. It is imperative that natural product use be monitored closely in all patients. Healthcare practitioners must play an active role in identifying patients using natural products and provide appropriate patient education.

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