scholarly journals Advances in the Etiology, Detection, and Clinical Management of Seborrheic Keratoses

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mary D. Sun ◽  
Allan C. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Oncogenic Mutations ◽  
Malignant State ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Seborrheic Keratoses

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are ubiquitous, generally benign skin tumors that exhibit high clinical variability. While age is a known risk factor, the precise roles of UV exposure and immune abnormalities are currently unclear. The underlying mechanisms of this benign disorder are paradoxically driven by oncogenic mutations and may have profound implications for our understanding of the malignant state. Advances in molecular pathogenesis suggest that inhibition of Akt and APP, as well as existing treatments for skin cancer, may have therapeutic potential in SK. Dermoscopic criteria have also become increasingly important to the accurate detection of SK, and other noninvasive diagnostic methods, such as reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, are rapidly developing. Given their ability to mimic malignant tumors, SK cases are often used to train artificial intelligence-based algorithms in the computerized detection of skin disease. These technologies are becoming increasingly accurate and have the potential to significantly augment clinical practice. Current treatment options for SK cause discomfort and can lead to adverse post-treatment effects, especially in skin of color. In light of the discontinuation of ESKATA in late 2019, promising alternatives, such as nitric-zinc and trichloroacetic acid topicals, should be further developed. There is also a need for larger, head-to-head trials of emerging laser therapies to ensure that future treatment standards address diverse patient needs.

Role of MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A. Ziogas ◽  
Georgios Sioutas ◽  
Konstantinos S. Mylonas ◽  
Georgios Tsoulfas
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Introduction: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world and comes third in cancer-induced mortality. The need for improved and more specific diagnostic methods that can detect early-stage disease is immense, as it is amenable to curative modalities, while advanced HCC is associated with low survival rates. microRNA (miRNA) expression is deregulated in HCC and this can be implemented both diagnostically and therapeutically. Objective: To provide a concise review on the role of miRNA in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HCC. Method: We conducted a comprehensive review of the PubMed bibliographic database. Results: Multiple miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. Measurement of the levels of these miRNAs either in tumor tissue or in the blood constitutes a promising diagnostic, as well as prognostic tool. OncomiRs are miRNAs that promote tumorigenesis, thus inhibiting them by administering antagomiRs is a promising treatment option. Moreover, replacement of the depleted miRNAs is another potential therapeutic approach for HCC. Modification of miRNA levels may also regulate sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: miRNA play a pivotal role in HCC pathogenesis and once the underlying mechanisms are elucidated, they will become part of everyday clinical practice against HCC.

scholarly journals New Therapies and Biomarkers: Are We Ready for Personalized Treatment in Small Cell Lung Cancer?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bingnan Zhang ◽  
Samuel R. Birer ◽  
Mikhail Dvorkin ◽  
Jolly Shruti ◽  
Lauren Byers
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Treatment Paradigm

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive form of lung cancer with a 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. In contrast to non–small cell lung cancer, SCLC has long been treated as a homogeneous disease without personalized treatment options. In recent years, the incorporation of immunotherapy into the treatment paradigm has brought moderate benefit to patients with SCLC; however, more effective therapies are urgently needed. In this article, we describe the current treatment standards and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCLC. We also discuss promising biomarkers in SCLC and the recently discovered four subtypes of SCLC, each with its unique therapeutic vulnerability. Lastly, we discuss the advances in radiation therapy for the treatment of SCLC.

scholarly journals Echinococcosis of the spine

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
Spyridon Sioutis ◽  
Lampros Reppas ◽  
Achilles Bekos ◽  
Eleftheria Soulioti ◽  
Theodosis Saranteas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Spinal Stabilization ◽  
Cyst Excision ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Spinal Cord Decompression ◽  
Infection Of The Spine

Echinococcosis or hydatid disease affecting the spine is an uncommon manifestation of Echinococcus granulosus infection of the spine. More commonly found in endemic areas, it causes significant morbidity and mortality as it grows slowly and produces symptoms mainly by compressing the spinal cord. As diagnostic methods are non-specific, diagnosis and management are usually delayed until the disease is advanced, thereby therapy is usually unlikely. Treatment is usually surgical, aiming at cyst excision, spinal cord decompression and spinal stabilization. This article summarizes the clinical findings of echinococcosis of the spine, discusses the specific laboratory and diagnostic findings, lists the current treatment options, and reviews the patients’ outcomes. The aim is to prompt clinicians to be aware of the possibility of echinococcosis as a possible diagnosis in endemic areas. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:288-296. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200130

scholarly journals The novel P2X7 receptor antagonist PKT100 improves cardiac function and survival in pulmonary hypertension by direct targeting of the right ventricle

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. H183-H191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hansen ◽  
Keyvan Karimi Galougahi ◽  
Marie Besnier ◽  
Elijah Genetzakis ◽  
Michael Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Right Ventricle ◽  
P2x7 Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Direct Targeting ◽  
The Right

This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential for right-sided heart failure of a novel inhibitor of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Inflammatory signaling and right ventricular function were improved in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis with secondary pulmonary hypertension when treated with this inhibitor. Importantly, survival was also improved, suggesting that this inhibitor, and other P2X7R antagonists, could be uniquely effective in right ventricle (RV)-targeted therapy in pulmonary hypertension. This addresses a major limitation of current treatment options, where the significant improvements in pulmonary pressures ultimately do not prevent mortality due to RV failure.

scholarly journals Current Status and Future Targeted Therapy in Adrenocortical Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Alyateem ◽  
Naris Nilubol
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Molecular Profiling ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Adrenocortical Cancer ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Complete Surgical Resection ◽  
Rare Malignancy

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. The current treatment standards include complete surgical resection for localized resectable disease and systemic therapy with mitotane alone or in combination with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with advanced ACC. However, the efficacy of systemic therapy in ACC is very limited, with high rates of toxicities. The understanding of altered molecular pathways is critically important to identify effective treatment options that currently do not exist. In this review, we discuss the results of recent advanced in molecular profiling of ACC with the focus on dysregulated pathways from various genomic and epigenetic dysregulation. We discuss the potential translational therapeutic implication of molecular alterations. In addition, we review and summarize the results of recent clinical trials and ongoing trials.

Haem oxygenase-1 and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim H. Chan ◽  
Martin K. C. Ng ◽  
Roland Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Vascular Protection ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Haem Oxygenase

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite progress in management, there remain a significant number of patients who are not eligible for current treatment options. Traditionally, HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), one of two isoenzymes that initiate haem catabolism, was thought to only play a metabolic role. However, HO-1 is now recognized to have additional protective activities in states of heightened noxious stimuli or stress such as acute coronary syndromes. The present review article provides an overview of the mode of action of HO-1 in vascular protection, with particular emphasis on its atheroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, as well as its role in vascular repair. Furthermore, we present evidence for the protective effects of HO-1 in CVD (cardiovascular disease) in both animal and human studies. Given its potential in vascular protection and repair, strategies aimed at inducing HO-1 emerge as a novel and alternative therapeutic target in the management of CVD.

Biofilms in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Review of Diagnostic Modalities, Current Treatments, and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M. Shoji ◽  
Antonia F. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Joint Infection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Joint Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
Joint Arthroplasties

AbstractAs the number of total joint arthroplasties continues to rise, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a significant and devastating complication of total joint arthroplasty, may also increase. In PJI, bacterial biofilms are formed by causative pathogens surrounded by extracellular matrix with relatively dormant cells that can persist, resulting in a barrier against the host immune system and antibiotics. These biofilms not only contribute to the pathogenesis of PJI but also result in diagnostic challenges, antibiotic resistance, and PJI treatment failure. This review discusses the development of biofilms and key features associated with biofilm pathogenicity in PJI, current PJI diagnostic methods and their limitations, and current treatment options. Additionally, this article explores novel approaches to treat PJI, including targeting persister bacteria, immunotherapy, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, and bacteriophage therapy. Biofilm eradication can also be achieved through enzymatic therapy, photodynamic therapy, and ultrasound. Finally, this review discusses novel techniques to prevent PJI, including improved irrigation solutions, smart implants with antimicrobial properties, inhibition of quorum sensing, and vaccines, which may revolutionize PJI management in the future by eradicating a devastating problem.

scholarly journals Seborrheic Keratoses – The Most Common Benign Skin Tumor of Humans. Clinical presentation and an update on pathogenesis and treatment options

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2270-2275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Wollina
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Complex ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Epithelial Proliferation ◽  
Skin Tumour ◽  
Oncogenic Mutations ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Seborrheic Keratoses ◽  
Ablative Laser

Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are the most common skin tumour of humanity. The incidence of this purely benign epithelial proliferation is increasing with age and exposure to ultraviolet light. It has a remarkable variability in its clinical presentation raising some differential diagnoses. Recently, oncogenic mutations have been detected involved in the development of SK, which, however, do not bear the risk of malignant transformation. SK may also develop with the use of modern targeted drugs for the treatment of malignancies. The classical treatment options for SK are cryotherapy and curettage. Recently, topical treatment with 40% hydrogen peroxide and the nitric-zinc complex has been investigated. Ablative laser therapy is an effective treatment as well.

An Overview of Dementias

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Venkata Vijaya K. Dalai ◽  
Jason E. Childress ◽  
Paul E Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Common ◽  
Neurodegenerative Dementias ◽  
Made In

Dementia is a major public health concern that afflicts an estimated 24.3 million people worldwide. Great strides are being made in order to better diagnose, prevent, and treat these disorders. Dementia is associated with multiple complications, some of which can be life-threatening, such as dysphagia. There is great variability between dementias in terms of when dysphagia and other swallowing disorders occur. In order to prepare the reader for the other articles in this publication discussing swallowing issues in depth, the authors of this article will provide a brief overview of the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, current treatment options, and implications for eating for the common forms of neurodegenerative dementias.

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