scholarly journals Animal Hosts and Experimental Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Chemotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Cristina Parolin ◽  
Sara Virtuoso ◽  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Silvia Angeletti ◽  
Massimo Ciccozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Animal Hosts

Viruses arise through cross-species transmission and can cause potentially fatal diseases in humans. This is the case of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which recently appeared in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide, causing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and posing a global health emergency. Sequence analysis and epidemiological investigations suggest that the most likely original source of SARS-CoV-2 is a spillover from an animal reservoir, probably bats, that infected humans either directly or through intermediate animal hosts. The role of animals as reservoirs and natural hosts in SARS-CoV-2 has to be explored, and animal models for COVID-19 are needed as well to be evaluated for countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Experimental cells, tissues, and animal models that are currently being used and developed in COVID-19 research will be presented.

scholarly journals Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim ◽  
Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
The Family ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Animal Hosts

COVID-19 is the first known pandemic caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the third virus in the family Coronaviridae to cause fatal infections in humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Animals are involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes the role of animals as reservoirs, natural hosts and experimental models. SARS-CoV-2 originated from animal reservoir, most likely bats and/or pangolins. Anthroponotic transmission has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, lions and minks. As of now, there is no a strong evidence for natural animal-to-human transmission or sustained animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Experimental infections conducted by several research groups have shown that monkeys, hamsters, ferrets, cats, tree shrews, transgenic mice and fruit bats were permissive, while dogs, pigs and poultry were resistant. There is an urgent need to understand the zoonotic potential of different viruses in animals, particularly in bats, before they transmit to humans. Vaccines or antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated not only for humans, but also for the protection of companion animals (particularly cats) and susceptible zoo and farm animals.

scholarly journals Approaching 3R teaching in biomedical engineering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Chiono
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Preclinical Testing ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models ◽  
In Silico Models

Since its adhesion to Centro3R, Politecnico di Torino has approached 3R teaching through a new Master course, entitled “New advances in alternative preclinical trials”. This is a multidisciplinary optional course for Master students in Biomedical Engineering, with the contribution of different teachers, who are experts on different aspects of preclinical testing of biomedical devices: European Standards for preclinical experimentation; preclinical animal models; protection of animal welfare in the European legislation; the role of statistics on the application of the 3R principle; preclinical experimental models in vitro; in silico models. This contribution describes the subjects faced by the course and their importance in the context of the 3R Principle.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology as a Shield against COVID-19: Current Advancement and Limitations

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
Mahendra Rai ◽  
Shital Bonde ◽  
Alka Yadav ◽  
Arpita Bhowmik ◽  
Sanjay Rathod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Global Health Problem

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health problem that the WHO declared a pandemic. COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide lockdown and threatened to topple the global economy. The mortality of COVID-19 is comparatively low compared with previous SARS outbreaks, but the rate of spread of the disease and its morbidity is alarming. This virus can be transmitted human-to-human through droplets and close contact, and people of all ages are susceptible to this virus. With the advancements in nanotechnology, their remarkable properties, including their ability to amplify signal, can be used for the development of nanobiosensors and nanoimaging techniques that can be used for early-stage detection along with other diagnostic tools. Nano-based protection equipment and disinfecting agents can provide much-needed protection against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, nanoparticles can serve as a carrier for antigens or as an adjuvant, thereby making way for the development of a new generation of vaccines. The present review elaborates the role of nanotechnology-based tactics used for the detection, diagnosis, protection, and treatment of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

scholarly journals Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabudh Goel ◽  
Vishesh Jain ◽  
Anjan Kumar Dhua ◽  
Devendra Kumar Yadav ◽  
Ajay Kumar Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Google Search

Background: The use of animal models for biomedical research provides us with a convenient and feasible route to establish causal relationships by recapitulating the temporal sequence of events in a controlled environment with a potential to manipulate the variables at multiple levels including genetic, protein, physiological or environmental. Objectives: The current review was conducted to gain insights into various animal models for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Material and Methods: A literature review (PUBMED, PUBMED Central, PMC, Google Scholar, Google search engine) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines performed in early April 2020 revealed 9 articles of interest. Search terms included covid 19, covid-19, novel corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, animal models, experimental models, laboratory models & covid 19 animal models. Two independent reviewers extracted the data; the third reviewer was involved in case of discrepancy. Results: SARS-CoV-2 shares an identical receptor binding domain with the SARS-CoV virus and has a superior binding affinity to the host ACE2. Based on this, the role of rhesus macaques, golden Syrian hamsters, transgenic hACE2 mice and ferrets as animal models have been studied. All four animals are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 with variable clinical presentation but universal recovery. The respiratory tract is primarily involved in all four models. Involvement of intestines was also seen in at least one study in each animal. Transfer to naïve animals in close contact has been documented in case of hamsters and ferrets. Seroconversion was documented in all although the role of convalescent sera was tested in hamsters only, with positive results though. Air-borne transmission was documented in ferrets and the possibility of feco-oral transmission was suggested for hamsters. The possibilities of recurrence and re-infection were ruled out by experiments upon the rhesus macaques. The fulfilment of Koch’s postulates has been highlighted. Discussion: The various studies available on animal models have been able to establish models of infection and transmission that recapitulate different aspects of disease in humans. However, the response between different animals and the same animal in different experiments is not completely coherent. Some of them do not manifest the disease clinically while others behave differently at molecular and immunological levels. Moreover, the physiology of these animals is not identical to human beings and the findings may not be extrapolated to human beings in an ‘as-is’ manner. Conclusions: The review acknowledges the achievements made by these experiments in a short span of time and highlighted the urgent need for a deeper dive in search of a quintessential animal model which can be studied for efficacy and safety of newer drugs and vaccines before a make-shift from the petri-dish to the human body can be contemplated.

scholarly journals Autism Spectrum Disorder and miRNA: An Overview of Experimental Models.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schepici ◽  
Cavalli ◽  
Bramanti ◽  
Mazzon
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, language, and in a limited repertoire of activities and interests. The etiology of ASD is very complex. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contribute to the onset of ASD. Researchers have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be one of the possible causes associated with ASD. miRNAs are small noncoding mRNAs that regulate gene expression, and they are often linked to biological processes and implicated in neurodevelopment. This review aims to provide an overview of the animal models and the role of the different miRNAs involved in ASD. Therefore, the use of animal models that reproduce the ASD and the identification of miRNAs could be a useful predictive tool to study this disorder.

scholarly journals Myelin Repair: From Animal Models to Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Cayre ◽  
Marie Falque ◽  
Océane Mercier ◽  
Karine Magalon ◽  
Pascale Durbec
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
Myelin Repair ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is widely thought that brain repair does not occur, but myelin regeneration provides clear evidence to the contrary. Spontaneous remyelination may occur after injury or in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the efficiency of remyelination varies considerably between MS patients and between the lesions of each patient. Myelin repair is essential for optimal functional recovery, so a profound understanding of the cells and mechanisms involved in this process is required for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe how animal models and modern cell tracing and imaging methods have helped to identify the cell types involved in myelin regeneration. In addition to the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells identified in the 1990s as the principal source of remyelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS), other cell populations, including subventricular zone-derived neural progenitors, Schwann cells, and even spared mature oligodendrocytes, have more recently emerged as potential contributors to CNS remyelination. We will also highlight the conditions known to limit endogenous repair, such as aging, chronic inflammation, and the production of extracellular matrix proteins, and the role of astrocytes and microglia in these processes. Finally, we will present the discrepancies between observations in humans and in rodents, discussing the relationship of findings in experimental models to myelin repair in humans. These considerations are particularly important from a therapeutic standpoint.

scholarly journals Septopremaxillary ligament traction system: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Rajani R. Elayadath ◽  
Biswas P. Palakunnu
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
System A ◽  
Biomechanical Force ◽  
Traction System

Over the years, several animal studies have been conducted concerning the role of cartilaginous nasal septum, septopremaxillary ligament in midfacial growth. Most of the studies utilized non primate animal models at first and then more recently in primates such as chimpanzee. Proper choice of animal model to extrapolate from is critical for successful experimental design. Although nonhuman primates are phylogenetically closer to humans than other mammalian groups for better extrapolation to human condition, not all the craniofacial experiments require primate models. Renewed interests in understanding the influence of septopremaxillary ligament resection on midfacial growth led to many in vitro experiments on animal models. Recently systematic review of relevant animal experiment is regarded as a prerequisite for the conduct of the new clinical trials. Despite this fact, the literature addressing this topic in humans and systematic review on the effect of the septopremaxillary ligament is scarce. The more recent studies show that the maxillary labial frenum encloses the septopremaxillary ligament and forms an important constituent of septopremaxillary traction system. The biomechanical force mediating through the septopremaxillary ligament, maxillary labial frenum and nasolabial muscles results in stimulating their effects on sagital growth of the maxilla. The main purpose of this review is to update and extend the knowledge of the role of septopremaxillary traction system on the midfacial growth by synthesizing the available literature involving the septopremaxillary ligament resection in experimental models. If this review could synthesize the results of relevant research, a change in the therapeutic notions can also be expected.

scholarly journals Paradoxical role of oxygen in the treatment of patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswajit Maharana ◽  
Pallab Chakraborty ◽  
Sudhan Rackimuthu ◽  
Rusab Baig ◽  
Shreeji Kadakia
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Society

Dear Editor,Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by WHO on 11 March 2020 and has adversely affected human society and disrupted global health...

Cellular and animal models in pheochromocytoma/paragangliomas research: role of microenvironment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mannelli ◽  
E Rapizzi ◽  
L Canu ◽  
T Ercolino ◽  
V Giache
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models

When People Come First

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Health It ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
New Research ◽  
Health Enterprise ◽  
Conceptual Work

This book critically assesses the expanding field of global health. It brings together an international and interdisciplinary group of scholars to address the medical, social, political, and economic dimensions of the global health enterprise through vivid case studies and bold conceptual work. The book demonstrates the crucial role of ethnography as an empirical lantern in global health, arguing for a more comprehensive, people-centered approach. Topics include the limits of technological quick fixes in disease control, the moral economy of global health science, the unexpected effects of massive treatment rollouts in resource-poor contexts, and how right-to-health activism coalesces with the increased influence of the pharmaceutical industry on health care. The chapters explore the altered landscapes left behind after programs scale up, break down, or move on. We learn that disease is really never just one thing, technology delivery does not equate with care, and biology and technology interact in ways we cannot always predict. The most effective solutions may well be found in people themselves, who consistently exceed the projections of experts and the medical-scientific, political, and humanitarian frameworks in which they are cast. This book sets a new research agenda in global health and social theory and challenges us to rethink the relationships between care, rights, health, and economic futures.

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