scholarly journals Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Brain Functioning Associated with Smoking Cue-Reactivity and Inhibitory Control in Nonsmoking Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anna Johanna Maria Gemma Boormans ◽  
Joyce Dieleman ◽  
Marloes Kleinjan ◽  
Roy Otten ◽  
Maartje Luijten
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Smoking Cues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Smoking Cue Reactivity

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Despite its well-established negative effects, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure remains highly prevalent worldwide. ETS exposure is associated with a wide range of physical and mental health-related problems among youth, including an increased likelihood to develop nicotine dependence. Up till now, neurocognitive effects of ETS exposure are largely unknown, while such effects could explain the role of ETS exposure in the development of nicotine dependence. Therefore, this preregistered study investigated the role of current ETS exposure in brain functioning associated with smoking cue-reactivity and inhibitory control. <b><i>Method:</i></b> Concurrent with functional magnetic resonance imaging, nonsmoking adolescents aged 14–18 years (<i>N</i> = 51) performed a smoking cue-reactivity task, assessing brain functioning to smoking cues, and a Go/NoGo task measuring inhibitory control. ETS exposure was measured using a self-report questionnaire and biochemically verified. <b><i>Results:</i></b> No significant associations were observed between current ETS exposure and brain functioning associated with smoking cue-reactivity and inhibitory control. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings suggest that low-to-moderate levels of current ETS exposure are not associated with increased salience of smoking cues or deficits in inhibitory control in nonsmoking adolescents. Longitudinal research is needed to further clarify the exact effect of lifetime ETS exposure on brain functioning, as well as research focusing on the effects of higher levels of ETS exposure.

Assessment of the exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by different methods

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Scherer ◽  
Irmtrud Meger-Kossien ◽  
Kirsten Riedel ◽  
Thomas Renner ◽  
Michael Meger
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Muconic Acid ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Exhaled Air ◽  
Salivary Cotinine

1 In order to elucidate the role of exposure to environ-mental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various acute and chronic illnesses in children, it is important to assess the degree of exposure by suitable methods. For this purpose, we determined the exposure to ETS in 39 children (4-15 years) and 43 adults (16+ years) by questionnaires, personal diffusion samplers for nicotine, and cotinine measurements in saliva and urine. In addition, the influence of the smoking status and the location of the home (urban or suburban) on the benzene exposure of the children was investigated. 2 On average, the 24 children living in homes with at least one smoker were exposed to ETS for 3.1 h/d. This is significantly longer (P<0.001) than the daily exposure time of the 15 children from nonsmoking homes (0.3 h/d). The nicotine concentrations on the personal samplers worn over 7 days were 0.615 and 0.046 tghn3 for children from smoking and nonsmoking homes, respectively (P <0.001). Average salivary cotinine levels were 1.95 ng/ml in children from smoking homes and 0.11 ng/ml in children from nonsmoking homes (P<0.01). The corresponding urinary cotinine levels were 29.4 and 4.5 ng/mg creatinine (P<0.001). There was no difference in the extent of ETS exposure between children and adults from smoking households. Adults from nonsmoking homes tended to have higher ETS exposure than children from nonsmoking homes. 3 Exposure to benzene, which was determined by means of personal samplers, measurements of benzene in exhaled air and of the urinary benzene metabolite trans, trans-muconic acid, was not significantly related to the smoking status of the home but primarily dependent on the location of the home.

scholarly journals Genetic Polymorphism of Cyp2a6 and Cyp2a13 Genes and Environmental Tobacco Smoke Induced Lung Cancer Risk in Indonesian Female Never Smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Noni Soeroso ◽  
Rozaimah Zain-Hamid ◽  
Syamsul Bihar ◽  
Setia Putra Tarigan ◽  
Fannie Rizki Ananda
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Lung Cancer Risk ◽  
Nicotine Metabolism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Never Smoker

BACKGROUND: The presence of nicotine metabolite in the urine of subjects exposed to tobacco smoke represents the nicotine metabolism activity in environmental tobacco smokers. CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 are known as the main enzymes responsible for nicotine metabolism and xenobiotic activity in tobacco smoke-related lung cancer. AIM: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between genetic polymorphism of CYP26 and CYP2A13 genes and environmental tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer risk in Indonesian females never smoker. METHODS: This is a case-control study with two-stage of distinguishing polymorphism detection. Restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction from venous blood extraction was performed to examine the CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 polymorphism. Logistic regression test in Epi Info-7 software was carried out to examine genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 genes and environmental tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer risk in Indonesian female never smokers. RESULTS: A total of 203 participants enrolled in this study with the first stage of CYP2A6 polymorphism involved 101 subjects showed no significant correlation between the genotypes of CYP2A6 and the incidence of lung cancer. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between genotypes of CYP2A13 and the incidence of lung cancer (p < 0.05). People with the genotype CT have a 2.7 higher risk for developing lung cancer compare with genotype CC. Allele *1B was the most common allele in CYP2A6. Allele C has more frequencies and has 0.62 times the risk for developing lung cancer compared with allele T with a wide range of confidence intervals (0.73–3.52). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant correlation between polymorphism CYP213 with the incidence of lung cancer among female lung cancer never smoker. However, the results show no significant relationship between CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism and lung cancer incidence.

scholarly journals The Role of Cross-Cue Reactivity in Coexisting Smoking and Gambling Habits

2016 ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edelgard Wulfert ◽  
Kristen Harris ◽  
James Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Smoking Cues ◽  
Poker Players

Cigarette smoking is the most common addictive behaviour co-occurring with problem gambling. Based on classical conditioning, smoking and gambling cues may acquire conditioned stimulus properties that elicit cravings for both behaviours. This study examined cross-cue reactivity in 75 men who were regular smokers, poker players or cigarette-smoking poker players. Participants were exposed to discrete cigarette, poker and neutral cues while skin conductance and psychological urges to smoke and gamble were measured. Results showed evidence of cross-cue reactivity based on skin conductance, and subjective response to smoking cues; subjective response to gambling cues was less clear. Smoking gamblers showed greater skin conductance reactivity to cues, and stronger subjective urges to smoke to smoking and gambling cues, compared to individuals who only smoked or only gambled. This study demonstrates evidence for cross-cue reactivity between a substance and a behavioural addiction, and the results encourage further research.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on brain functioning in never‐smoking adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Dieleman ◽  
Marloes Kleinjan ◽  
Roy Otten ◽  
Hein T. Schie ◽  
Vivian Heuvelmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Brain Functioning
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