Total and Sn-2 Fatty Acid Profile in Human Colostrum and Mature Breast Milk of Women Living in Inland and Coastal Areas of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mengmei Ni ◽  
Yingyao Wang ◽  
Rui Wu ◽  
Lishi Zhang ◽  
Xuebing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Positional Distribution ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Human Colostrum ◽  
Major Energy Source ◽  
Fa Positional Distribution

Introduction: Although lipid is the major energy source and exerts beneficial effects on infant growth, research on the composition of fatty acid (FA) at the sn-2 position of human milk (HM) in China and abroad is limited. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the FA positional distribution in colostrum and mature HM of women living in the inland and coastal areas of China and explore the potential influences of geographical region and lactation stage on the FA profile of Chinese women. Methods: Colostrum milk (n = 61) and mature milk (n = 56) samples were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Guangzhou and Chengdu, China. Gas chromatography was used to determine the total and sn-2 FA composition. Results: Significant differences were observed in the FA profile of HM between different regions and lactation stages, with differences in polyunsaturated FA levels being the most pronounced. Nearly 70% of sn-2 FAs were saturated FAs, of which C16:0 accounted for approximately 75%. C8:0, C10:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and all of the unsaturated FAs were mainly located at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, while C14:0, C15:0, and C16:0 were mainly at the sn-2 position. The proportion of C12:0 and C17:0 at sn-2 was approximately equivalent to that at the sn-1, 3 positions. Conclusions: The results indicate the variability in the FA profile of HM between regions and lactation stages. The contents of polyunsaturated FAs and sn-2 FAs, especially palmitic acid, should be paid more attention when optimizing infant formula.

Fatty acid positional distribution in colostrum and mature milk of women living in Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 4234-4245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Deng ◽  
Qian Zou ◽  
Biao Liu ◽  
Wenhui Ye ◽  
Chengfei Zhuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Positional Distribution ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Milk Samples

In order to investigate the fatty acid composition and distribution in colostrum and mature milk, breast milk samples and 24 h food records were obtained from 65 lactating women across three regions in China.

Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Íris R. Montez de Sousa ◽  
Zhixu Wang ◽  
Rui Hu ◽  
Bernd Stahl ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Nutritional Advice ◽  
Omega 6

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the dietary intake and the human milk (HM) fatty acid (FA) profile of Chinese lactating women. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> HM samples and food records were obtained from 122 Chinese women over 5 visits between 0 and 51 days postpartum. Adjusted multiple regression was performed to explore associations between maternal dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, FAs and foods, and the HM FA profile. Analyses were performed separately for colostrum and mature milk. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid were positively associated with the HM contents of PUFAs, omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs, and linoleic acid (LA), and the intakes of n-3 PUFAs and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were negatively associated with saturated FA levels in HM. Associations were stronger for mature milk. Intakes of milk/dairy, meat/poultry, and eggs were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and EPA in mature milk, whereas the opposite was seen for fish/shrimp. Positive associations were also found between fish/shrimp and total and n-3 PUFAs in mature milk. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The HM FA profile of Chinese women is associated with their diet, and in particular with their FA intake. Tailored nutritional advice based on HM FA composition may optimize HM FA profile and thereby contribute to healthy infant development.

scholarly journals The Fatty Acids Composition of Human Milk in Different Lactation Stages of Chinese Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 775-775
Author(s):  
Jiang Shan ◽  
Yang Zhenyu ◽  
Wang Jie ◽  
Duan Yifan ◽  
Pang Xuehong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives To investigate the fatty acids composition in different lactation stages of human milk in China. Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted and lactating women (n = 6481) within 0–330 days postpartum were recruited in China between 2011 and 2013. Human milk sub-samples (n = 1135) were randomly selected for fatty acids analysis in the original study. The sample size of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk were 160, 177, 798 respectively. Fats were hydrolyzed and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results The content of oleic acid, the highest level fatty acid in human milk, was 36.63%, 34.53% and 35.12% of total fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively in China. The content of palmitic acid was about 23.69%, 21.90% and 20.82% in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 36.99%, 39.14% and 23.49% of total fatty acids of mature milk, respectively. The content of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was 20.47% and 0.54% in mature milk, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenic acid (DHA) was 0.06% and 0.28% in mature milk, respectively. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acids content differed significantly among various regions, nationalities, or mode of delivery. (i.e., Regions (city vs rural): oleic acid: 33.8% vs 36.4%; linoleic acid: 22.88% vs 17.21%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.59%; DHA: 0.42% vs 0.26%; EPA: 0.09% vs 0.04%. Nationality (Han vs Minority): oleic acid: 34.40% vs 36.59%; linoleic acid: 21.69% vs 16.54%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.57%; DHA: 0.38% vs 0.24%; EPA: 0.08% vs 0.04%.). Conclusions Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acids in human milk of China. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acid concentrations vary among different regions and nationalities in China. Funding Sources This study was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (S160002), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0400601) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2010AA023004).

Differences in the Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Compositions of Human Colostrum and Mature Milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (17) ◽  
pp. 4571-4579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Zhao ◽  
Shuwen Zhang ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Xiaoyang Pang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Human Colostrum ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

scholarly journals Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Runying Gao ◽  
Fang Tian ◽  
Yingyi Mao ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Positional Distribution ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Feeding Time

AbstractThis study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

Isoproterenol stimulates 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase and fatty acid oxidation in neonatal hearts

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (4) ◽  
pp. H1135-H1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdip S. Jaswal ◽  
Chad R. Lund ◽  
Wendy Keung ◽  
Donna L. Beker ◽  
Ivan M. Rebeyka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Lactate Oxidation ◽  
Major Energy Source ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Isoproterenol increases phosphorylation of LKB, 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), enzymes involved in regulating fatty acid oxidation. However, inotropic stimulation selectively increases glucose oxidation in adult hearts. In the neonatal heart, fatty acid oxidation becomes a major energy source, while glucose oxidation remains low. This study tested the hypothesis that increased energy demand imposed by isoproterenol originates from fatty acid oxidation, secondary to increased LKB, AMPK, and ACC phosphorylation. Isolated working hearts from 7-day-old rabbits were perfused with Krebs solution (0.4 mM palmitate, 11 mM glucose, 0.5 mM lactate, and 100 mU/l insulin) with or without isoproterenol (300 nM). Isoproterenol increased myocardial O2 consumption (in J·g dry wt−1·min−1; 11.0 ± 1.4, n = 8 vs. 7.5 ± 0.8, n = 6, P < 0.05), and the phosphorylation of LKB (in arbitrary density units; 0.87 ± 0.09, n = 6 vs. 0.59 ± 0.08, n = 6, P < 0.05), AMPK (0.82 ± 0.08, n = 6 vs. 0.51 ± 0.06, n = 6, P < 0.05), and ACC-β (1.47 ± 0.14, n = 6 vs. 0.97 ± 0.07, n = 6, P < 0.05), with a concomitant decrease in malonyl-CoA levels (in nmol/g dry wt; 0.9 ± 0.9, n = 8 vs. 7.5 ± 1.3, n = 8, P < 0.05) and increase in palmitate oxidation (in nmol·g dry wt−1·min−1; 272 ± 45, n = 8 vs. 114 ± 9, n = 6, P < 0.05). Glucose and lactate oxidation were increased (in nmol·g dry wt−1·min−1; 253 ± 75, n = 8 vs. 63 ± 15, n = 9, P < 0.05 and 246 ± 43, n = 8 vs. 82 ± 11, n = 6, P < 0.05, respectively), independent of alterations in pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation, but occurred secondary to a decrease in acetyl-CoA content and acetyl-CoA-to-free CoA ratio. As acetyl-CoA levels decrease in response to isoproterenol, despite an acceleration of the rates of palmitate and carbohydrate oxidation, these data suggest net rates of acetyl-CoA utilization exceed the net rates of acetyl-CoA generation.

Triacylglycerol structure of human colostrum and mature milk

Lipids ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Charles Martin ◽  
Philippe Bougnoux ◽  
Jean-Michel Antoine ◽  
Monique Lanson ◽  
Charles Couet
Keyword(s):  
Mature Milk ◽  
Triacylglycerol Structure ◽  
Human Colostrum
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