Effect of Different Toothbrushing Routines on Interproximal Fluoride Concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-349
Author(s):  
Yoichi Ishizuka ◽  
Anna Lehrkinder ◽  
Anna Nordström ◽  
Peter Lingström
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Water Rinsing

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different toothbrushing routines and different kinds of toothpaste on the interproximal fluoride concentration after toothbrushing and its clinical relevance to the recommendations given to patients regarding the process of toothbrushing. Eight adults participated a total of 8 times in order to test different toothbrushing routines with different amounts of toothpaste (1 or 2 cm), durations (1 or 2 min) and amounts of water after toothbrushing (10 or 20 mL). An additional 8 adults participated 6 times in total to test different forms of toothpaste administration (paste, gel and foam) with different amounts of water after toothbrushing (no rinsing or 10 mL). Interdental saliva samples were collected from proximal sites 25/26 and 46/45 using small paper points, before and up to 60 min after toothbrushing. The fluoride concentration was measured by an ion-specific electrode. The area under the curve, saliva fluoride concentration versus time, was calculated. Differences between the groups were tested by ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. An increase in fluoride concentration of 47.2% was observed when the amount of toothpaste increased from 1 to 2 cm (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01), 26.8% when increasing the duration from 1 to 2 min (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) and 41.2% when reducing the amount of water rinsing from 20 to 10 mL (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). The paste and gel resulted in higher fluoride concentration (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) compared with foam. These findings suggest that the amount of toothpaste, the duration and the amount of water have a significant effect on fluoride concentration after toothbrushing. Furthermore, despite the lower amount of fluoride, the gel gives almost the same fluoride concentration after toothbrushing as the toothpaste. The results confirm the importance of giving clear advice to patients regarding the process of toothbrushing.

Bleeding Classification in Clinical Trials: Observer Variability and Clinical Relevance

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (04) ◽  
pp. 1189-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne P Graafsma ◽  
Martin H Prins ◽  
Anthonie W A Lensing ◽  
Rob J de Haan ◽  
Menno V Huisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Minor Bleeding ◽  
Recent Trial ◽  
Bleeding Episodes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adjudication Committee

SummaryTo evaluate the bleeding classification in a recent trial on venous thrombosis treatment, a selection of reported bleeding episodes was adjudicated twice by an independent committee and graded by the treating physician and independent clinical experts on the clinical severity and impact on the patient’s life.The kappa values for the dichotomy major bleeding versus minor or no bleeding were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.57-1.0) for the agreement between the two members of the adjudication committee and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.52-1.0) for the agreement between both adjudication sessions. The kappa values for the dichotomy major or minor bleeding versus no bleeding were 0.42 and 0.44. The weighted kappa values for the agreement between the treating physician and the independent experts were 0.76 for the Clinical severity and 0.79 for the impact on the patient’s life (95% CI, 0.63-0.88 and 0.70-0.89). The association between the adjudication result expressed as major bleeding or minor or no bleeding and the Clinical grading by the treating physician resulted in an ROC curve with an area under the curve of 0.98 for the Clinical severity and 0.99 for the impact on the patient’s life. The dichotomy major or minor bleeding versus no bleeding resulted in areas under the curve of 0.70 and 0.66.In conCIusion, the applied criteria for major bleeding are reproducible and Clinically relevant. The criteria for minor bleeding are not reproducible and are less associated with the observed Clinical relevance.

Chemically Soluble Fluoride in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-Based Toothpaste as an Indicator of Fluoride Bioavailability in Saliva during and after Toothbrushing

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Camila Siqueira Silva Coelho ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury ◽  
Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group I ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode

The relationship between the concentration of chemically soluble fluoride found in toothpaste and that present in saliva, during and after brushing, was evaluated as an indicator of potentially bioavailable fluoride in toothpaste. Ten adult participants brushed their teeth with the assigned toothpastes: group I: fresh sample of a fluoride toothpaste: Na2FPO3/CaCO3, 1,378 µg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF); groups II–IV: aged samples of toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,160, 900, and 597 µg F/g, respectively; group V: non-F placebo toothpaste. The volunteers brushed their teeth for 1 min with 0.7 g of the toothpaste, all toothbrushing residues (TR) produced were collected, the mouth was rinsed with water, and saliva samples were collected up to 120 min. Total fluoride (TF) and TSF concentrations were determined in TR and in saliva samples using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. TSF concentration (µg F/mL) in TR was determined as an indicator of fluoride bioavailability during toothbrushing and the areas under curves of saliva fluoride concentration versus time (area under the curve, AUC = µg F/mL × min) were calculated as an indicator of fluoride bioavailability after toothbrushing. A significant correlation was found between the TSF concentrations in the toothpastes and the variables TR (r = 0.850; p = 0.0001) and AUC (r = 0.445; p = 0.004). For TF no significant correlation was found for TR (r = –0.099; p = 0.542) and AUC (r = –0.018; p = 0.912). The findings suggest that TSF concentration chemically found in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpaste could estimate how much fluoride would be bioavailable in saliva when the teeth are brushed.

scholarly journals The clinical correlation of findings obtained by fine needle fenestration biopsy of the canine spleen with visible ultrasound changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-546
Author(s):  
Martina Crnogaj ◽  
◽  
Iva Šmit ◽  
Vladimir Mrljak ◽  
Sara Došen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Suppurative Inflammation ◽  
Common Malignancy

The medical records databases (March 2016 to March 2021) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, were examined to determine the frequency and clinical relevance of cytological diagnoses from fine-needle fenestration biopsy (FNFB) of the spleen in dogs with visible ultrasound changes. Seventy-five dogs were divided into clinically relevant and irrelevant groups, according to the clinical relevance of the diagnosis. The incidence of clinically relevant diagnoses was 28/75 (37.3%). Malignant diagnoses were over-represented (23/28; 82.1%), followed by hemorrhages/hematomas (3/28; 10.7%) and suppurative inflammation (2/28; 7.1%). The most common malignancy was lymphoma (12/28; 42.9%). There was no correlation between the ultrasound lesions examined and the relevant cytological diagnoses, except in cases of patchy echo texture (P = 0.010). Lesion size greater than 1.74 cm had the highest sensitivity/specificity values (91.3%; 42.1%) with a significant area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68 (P = 0.029) for predicting clinically relevant findings. The complication rate due to bleeding was 2/130 (1.5%). In conclusion, splenic FNFB can be safely performed in dogs as it carries a low risk of development of complications. Specific ultrasonographic findings, such as patchy echo texture pattern, may increase the suspicion of the presence of neoplastic disease in the form of lymphoma. According to ROC analysis, lesion size greater than 1.74 increases the possibility of predicting clinically relevant findings.

scholarly journals The effects of toothpaste amounts and post-brushing rinsing methods on salivary fluoride retention

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 421-431
Author(s):  
Kanyapak Sotthipoka ◽  
Pintusorn Thanomsuk ◽  
Rungroj Prasopsuk ◽  
Chutima Trairatvorakul ◽  
Kasekarn Kasevayuth
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Water Rinsing ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the salivary fluoride retention as fluoride concentration, amount of soluble fluoride, half-life (t1/2) and salivary flow rate of different amounts of toothpaste and rinsing procedures. Design/methodology/approach A randomized crossover study of 21 healthy volunteers was designed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of 1 g (B1) and 0.3 g (B0.3) of toothpaste without rinsing and brushing with 1 g of toothpaste with expectoration followed by water rinsing (B1R). Unstimulated saliva was collected before brushing as a baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after the completion of the tooth brushing procedure. Findings The salivary fluoride concentration and amount of soluble fluoride of the B1 group were significantly higher than the B0.3 and B1R groups. The B1 and B1R groups prolonged the remineralizing level up to 60 min while the B0.3 group retained their remineralizing levels for 30 min. The initial t1/2 (rapid phase) of B1 and B1R groups were significantly longer than the B0.3 group. The late t1/2 (slow phase) of the B0.3 group was significantly longer than the B1 group. This is called the two-compartment open pharmacokinetics model. There was no statistical difference of salivary flow rates between all groups. Originality/value Non-rinsing and the amount of fluoride toothpaste play an important role in raising salivary fluoride levels and prolonging the remineralizing level of the oral cavity.

Fluoride Availability in Human Saliva after Dentifrice Use: Correlation with Anticaries Effects in Rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 841-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Afflitto ◽  
R. Schmid ◽  
A. Esposito ◽  
R. Toddywala ◽  
A. Gaffar
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Two Parameters

Studies were conducted to determine fluoride availability in saliva after dentifrice use and to relate this parameter to cariostatic efficacy in rat caries experiments. Three dentifrices—two commercial formulations (Colgate Winterfresh Gel and Crest Dentifrice with Na-Sr-polyacrylate) and an Experimental dentifrice—were compared with respect to salivary fluoride availability. All of the dentifrices tested contained 1100 ppm F as sodium fluoride. It was observed that the Experimental dentifrice and Crest dentifrice with Sr-polyacrylate exhibited low salivary fluoride availability relative to the Colgate Winterfresh Gel. Salivary fluoride availability was assessed by means of two parameters:(a) the fluoride concentration in the dentifrice saliva slurry expectorated after brushing, and (b) the area under the curve of salivary F concentration vs. time for up to two hours after dentifrice use. In two rat caries experiments, it was observed that both the Experimental dentifrice and the Sr-polyacrylate dentifrice provided less cariostatic efficacy than the clinically validated Positive Control (Colgate Winterfesh Gel). Analysis of these data provides further evidence in support of the concept that fluoride availability in saliva following dentifrice use is an important parameter related to anticaries efficacy.

scholarly journals Annual variation of fluoride level in drinking water in certain regions of the Republic of North Macedonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Lirije Hamiti Alil ◽  
Rejhan Muhamed Djumkar ◽  
Mihail Kochubovski ◽  
Tanja Petreska Ivanovska ◽  
Zoran Zhivikj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Republic

Fluoride levels in drinking water varies in a wide range, which mainly depends on the geological and physical-chemical characteristics of the soil, the porosity of the mineral rocks in the region, the temperature, and the depth of the aquifer. When present at appropriate levels is recommended for prevention of dental caries, but high levels may provoke fluorosis. Hence, determination of fluoride concentration considering the balance between benefits and risks to health is an important parameter for the water quality assessment. In this study, the annual variation of fluorides in drinking water comprising different regions of the Republic of North Macedonia was analyzed. The total dissolved fluoride was determined potentiometrically using a fluoride combined ion-selective electrode (ISE) and a pH meter with an enlarged millivolt (mV) scale. WHO recommended fluoride in drinking water to range from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L in order good health of teeth to be provided. The results of this study indicated that analyzed 104 samples of water contained fluorides in lower quantities compared to upper safety limit established by our national legislation and Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality of the WHO. During the summer period, in the majority of the samples fluoride levels were further reduced compared to other seasons, which may due to a lower amount of rain. With regard to this, the obtained data for relatively low fluoride levels in water may serve to dentists both in clinical practice and public dental health, implying current information necessary for advising on fluoride supplementation to people. Keywords: Fluoride, drinking water, fluoride analysis, potentiometric method

scholarly journals 47 Quantitative evaluation of hunger in pregnant sows: metabolic and hormonal responses to feeding frequency under limit-fed regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Lee SuHyup ◽  
Ping Ren ◽  
Blair Tostenson ◽  
Abel Tekeste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Ghrelin Concentration ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Mean Glucose

Abstract The objectives of the study were to determine the pattern of glucose, insulin, active ghrelin, and total PYY responses and indirectly quantify perceived hunger in pregnant sows under-limit fed conditions. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 211.86 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.80 ± 0.16; backfat 13.50 ± 0.25 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at [0730 h (Control, T1), twice [half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)], or thrice [one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]. The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. Sows received corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6935 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Hunger was quantified using total area under the curve (AUC) of the hormonal responses. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was by Tukey’s method. The control sows had greater 23-h mean glucose concentration than sows fed 3× daily (P = 0.002). Active ghrelin concentration for sows fed 3× daily tended to be lower (P = 0.063) compared with control sows but reduced (P = 0.018) relative to sows fed 2× daily. In conclusion, sows fed 3× daily had 9.0% reduction in 23-h glucose total AUC, 42.5% greater 23-h insulin total AUC, 27.4% reduction in active ghrelin total AUC, and 14.2% greater PYY total AUC compared with pregnant sows fed 1× daily. It is suggested that hunger in pregnant sows occurs at active ghrelin/total PYY ratio of 5.06 ± 0.20 and at a mean plasma glucose concentration of 70.37 ± 1.39 mg/dL and below.

scholarly journals Effects of Blood Contamination on Microtensile Bond Strength to Dentin of Three Self-etch Adhesives

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Chang ◽  
B. H. Cho ◽  
R. Y. Lim ◽  
S. H. Kyung ◽  
D. S. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Blood Contamination ◽  
Microtensile Bond Strength ◽  
Dentin Bonding ◽  
Water Rinsing ◽  
Self Etch

Clinical Relevance When blood contamination occurs during dentin bonding with self-etch adhesives, blood contamination cannot be adequately removed by water rinsing alone.

Amount of Dentifrice and Fluoride Concentration Influence Salivary Fluoride Concentrations and Fluoride Intake by Toddlers

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Caio Sampaio ◽  
Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem ◽  
Mayra Frasson Paiva ◽  
Igor Zen ◽  
Marcelle Danelon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Fluoride Intake

The present study evaluated fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of toddlers after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations, applied in different quantities, and estimated F intake from toothbrushing. The study comprised a double-blind, crossover protocol, in which toddlers (n = 18, 2–3 years old) were randomly assigned into six groups, according to possible combinations of dentifrices (0/550/1,100 ppm F, as NaF) and amounts (rice grain, pea size, and transverse technique). Volunteers used a F-free dentifrice during 1 week. On the 7th day, saliva samples were collected before (baseline), and at 5/15/30/60 min after toothbrushing. All dentifrice expectorated after brushing was collected. F concentrations (saliva and expectorate) were determined with an ion-specific electrode. Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Fisher’s LSD or Student-Newman-Keuls’ tests (p <0.05). Brushing with 550 ppm F dentifrice (pea size or transversal technique) increased the area under the curve (AUC) at similar levels compared to 1,100 ppm F (rice grain). The highest AUC and salivary F at 5 min after brushing were achieved by 1,100 ppm F (pea size), followed by 550 ppm F (transversal technique). Regarding F intake, the highest values were observed for 550 ppm F (transversal technique), followed by 1,100 ppm F (pea size). It is possible to conclude that the amount of dentifrice and F concentration in the product significantly affected both salivary F concentrations and F intake during toothbrushing.

Predictors of Purchasing a Hearing Aid After an Evaluation Period: A Prospective Study in Dutch Older Hearing Aid Candidates

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3S) ◽  
pp. 802-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Pronk ◽  
Janine F. J. Meijerink ◽  
Sophia E. Kramer ◽  
Martijn W. Heymans ◽  
Jana Besser
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Evaluation Period ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Baseline Covariates

Purpose The current study aimed to identify factors that distinguish between older (50+ years) hearing aid (HA) candidates who do and do not purchase HAs after having gone through an HA evaluation period (HAEP). Method Secondary data analysis of the SUpport PRogram trial was performed ( n = 267 older, 1st-time HA candidates). All SUpport PRogram participants started an HAEP shortly after study enrollment. Decision to purchase an HA by the end of the HAEP was the outcome of interest of the current study. Participants' baseline covariates (22 in total) were included as candidate predictors. Multivariable logistic regression modeling (backward selection and reclassification tables) was used. Results Of all candidate predictors, only pure-tone average (average of 1, 2, and 4 kHz) hearing loss emerged as a significant predictor (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [1.03, 1.17]). Model performance was weak (Nagelkerke R 2 = .04, area under the curve = 0.61). Conclusions These data suggest that, once HA candidates have decided to enter an HAEP, factors measured early in the help-seeking journey do not predict well who will and will not purchase an HA. Instead, factors that act during the HAEP may hold this predictive value. This should be examined.

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