Social Influences on Food Avoidance in Lemur catta

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-629
Author(s):  
Samantha McLendon ◽  
Caroline R. Amoroso
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Lemur Catta ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Head Shake

Previous primate research has demonstrated social learning related to accepting novel foods, but little evidence suggests social learning of food avoidance. Ring-tailed lemurs (<i>Lemur catta</i>)<i></i>have been observed to shake their heads rapidly in response to sour and bitter stimuli. This study investigated whether this head-shaking behavior may have a social function. The experiment presented a performing lemur with two items of the same type of fruit, one of which had been manipulated to take on a sour flavor, and the other which was not manipulated and served as a control. The performer could taste each of the stimuli while an observing lemur had the opportunity to watch the performer’s behavior from an adjacent enclosure. The observer was then presented with two stimuli with the same qualities. This study evaluated whether a preceding head-shaking reaction by the performer improved the success rate of the observer avoiding bitter stimuli to greater than chance. Our results reveal that following a head shake by the performer in response to the sour stimuli, observer avoidance of sour stimuli was statistically greater than chance, indicating that there may be social influences on food avoidance in this species. Further research should focus on confirming this effect and characterizing the full set of socially influential food reaction behaviors.

scholarly journals SOSIALISASI TEMPE SEBAGAI MAKANAN ORGANIK DAN SEHAT KEPADA IBU RUMAH TANGGA DI KOTA TANGERANG SELATAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
Anastasi Tatik Hartanti ◽  
Yasinta Ratna Esti Wulandari ◽  
Rory Anthony Hutagalung ◽  
Tati Barus
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Strongly Agree

Tempeh is a traditional Indonesian food that has many advantages as food and the process of making it is quite simple. However, the community knowledge about tempeh and the skills to produce healthy tempeh are still low. This community service aimed to increase the knowledge about tempeh and to improve the skills of its manufacturers in making healthy and good quality tempeh. The activities were carried out for mothers living in Villa Dago Tol complex, Ciputat, South Tangerang 15414, by using the methods of counseling, demonstration, and mentoring. Monitoring was conducted to measure the success rate of participants in producing healthy tempeh. The level of community knowledge about tempeh was evaluated through survey method. The results of counseling, demonstration, and mentoring succeeded in improving the participant skills as seen from the participants' success in following the healthy tempeh-making procedure. The results were also reinforced by the results of monitoring where all participants managed to create healthy tempeh. Survey results showed participants’ increasing knowledge of healthy tempeh and motivation in producing healthy tempeh. Assessment of participants showed good results, especially in improving knowledge (73% stated strongly agree and the rest agree). The ability of the facilitators in delivering the material was also considered good by the participants (92% stated strongly agree and the rest agree). As a follow-up, the participants suggested that the training be extended to the other communities and the training also include a variety of topics such as the manufacturing of tofu, healthy food processing, sewing, and many others.

Impact of Social Media Readiness on Social Media Usage and Competitive Advantage

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-267
Author(s):  
Apoorv Durga ◽  
M. L. Singla
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Media Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Usage of social media within organizations' value chains has been increasing rapidly. There are several benefits and savings projected due to usage of social media. As a result, there is also a lot of hype that is typical of any new web phenomenon. On the other hand, saner voices are cautioning against excessive hype and point to high failure rate of social media initiatives. Lack of best practices or frameworks and incomplete understanding of how to make best use of social media are some of the reasons cited for this high failure of social media initiatives. In addition, there are several other aspects related to governance, people, and processes that need to be addressed to improve success rate of these initiatives. Therefore, effective implementation of a social media initiative includes addressing all those aspects that relate to governance, people, and processes. The authors use a construct, “Social Media Readiness,” that encapsulates these aspects. This chapter summarizes research that shows how readiness can impact social media use.

3. Social lives

2017 ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Michelle Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Inequity Aversion ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
Collaborative Activities

‘Social lives’ explores some of the main ways in which social influences drive behaviour, including aversion to unequal outcomes, trust and reciprocity, social learning, and peer pressure. The interplay between trust and reciprocity is a key element in many of the cooperative and collaborative activities that we undertake daily. There are two main types of inequity aversion: disadvantageous and advantageous. Social norms are another set of social influences that drive our behaviour, and these are often reinforced through peer pressure. They help to explain how and why we have evolved as a cooperative species, but how do we ensure that no-one free rides on others’ generosity?

scholarly journals Reproductive skew affects social information use

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 182084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Smolla ◽  
Charlotte Rosher ◽  
R. Tucker Gilman ◽  
Susanne Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Social Information Use

Individuals vary in their propensity to use social learning, the engine of cultural evolution, to acquire information about their environment. The causes of those differences, however, remain largely unclear. Using an agent-based model, we tested the hypothesis that as a result of reproductive skew differences in energetic requirements for reproduction affect the value of social information. We found that social learning is associated with lower variance in yield and is more likely to evolve in risk-averse low-skew populations than in high-skew populations. Reproductive skew may also result in sex differences in social information use, as empirical data suggest that females are often more risk-averse than males. To explore how risk may affect sex differences in learning strategies, we simulated learning in sexually reproducing populations where one sex experiences more reproductive skew than the other. When both sexes compete for the same resources, they tend to adopt extreme strategies: the sex with greater reproductive skew approaches pure individual learning and the other approaches pure social learning. These results provide insight into the conditions that promote individual and species level variation in social learning and so may affect cultural evolution.

Die Liebe der Gesellschaft

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Thiedeke
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Special Function ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Preliminary Work

Romantic love as an emotionally based, individual choice of sex partners has come under criticism. This form of love is said to be only a capitalistically alienated concept of bourgeois intimate relationships that reproduces inequality. Following Niklas Luhmann's preliminary work on love as a symbolic generalised medium, this volume, on the other hand, shows the special function of the communication of romantic love via modern media: the entanglement of individualities and society and the creation of an order of the imponderable. In view of the opportunities for networked emotions via social media, the question arises today of whether, given these conditions for interaction and communication, romantic love can still fulfil its previous social function.

Song Sharing and Local Dialects in a Population of the European Wren Troglodytes Troglodytes

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive K. Catchpole ◽  
Armanda Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Song Sharing ◽  
Song Types

AbstractSongs were recorded from a local population of 13 male wrens at Wraysbury Lakes, Berkshire, U.K. during 1991. Sonagraphic analysis revealed that there were 15 distinct song types in the population, and that each male had between three and six song types in his repertoire. Song sharing between neighbouring males was particularly high. Six of the males in the population were on the east bank of the lake, separated from the other seven on the west bank by 200 metres of open water. Although three song types were distributed over the whole area, six were unique to the east bank and six to the west. Any male could be classified as an east or west bank male, by the possession of several distinct song types unique to each 'dialect' area. So far, clear examples of dialects have been largely restricted to species with only one or two song types in their repertoires. Song sharing and the development of local dialects in the wren are discussed in relation to current views on mechanisms of social learning in songbirds.

Technology diffusion by learning from neighbours

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 355-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan Chatterjee ◽  
Susan H. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Integer Points ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Infinite Line

In this paper, we consider a model of social learning in a population of myopic, memoryless agents. The agents are placed at integer points on an infinite line. Each time period, they perform experiments with one of two technologies, then each observes the outcomes and technology choices of the two adjacent agents as well as his own outcome. Two learning rules are considered; it is shown that under the first, where an agent changes his technology only if he has had a failure (a bad outcome), the society converges with probability 1 to the better technology. In the other, where agents switch on the basis of the neighbourhood averages, convergence occurs if the better technology is sufficiently better. The results provide a surprisingly optimistic conclusion about the diffusion of the better technology through imitation, even under the assumption of extremely boundedly rational agents.

Social learning and the significance of mixed-species flocks of chickadees (Parus spp.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mixed Species Flocks ◽  
Species Flocks ◽  
Experienced Bird

The experiments described in this paper show that two species of chickadees learn from one another about the location and nature of potential feeding places when they are foraging together in mixed flocks in large aviaries. In the first experiment, I show that when an individual of one species finds a single food item, members of the other species modify their foraging behavior over the next few seconds so that they put more effort into searching near the site of the find. This applies to both species. Further, members of both species modify their foraging behavior when a bird of the other species searches in a place unsuccessfully. This response to an unsuccessful search is similar to, but weaker than, the response to a food find. The second experiment shows that when the two species are trained to forage in different positions in the experimental trees, they converge in their foraging behavior when they are put in mixed flocks, This is a result of copying. The third experiment shows that individuals of both species are more likely to discover a completely new foraging place if they are in the presence of an experienced bird of the other species.I discuss these results in relation to theories on the adaptive significance of flocking, and conclude that learning about potential feeding places from other species is an important function of mixed flocks, at least for some species. This does not exclude the possibility of other functions of mixed flocks.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Relaxation of the Ureter When Using Ureteral Access Sheaths during Ureterorenoscopy: A Randomized Feasibility Study in a Porcine Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Kissow Lildal ◽  
Kim Hovgaard Andreassen ◽  
Frederikke Eichner Christiansen ◽  
Helene Jung ◽  
Malene Roland Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Fluid ◽  
Intrarenal Pressure

Objective. High intraluminal pressure during ureterorenoscopy (URS) increases risk of infectious and haemorrhagic complications. Intrarenal pressure may be reduced by the use of ureteral access sheaths (UASs), which on the other hand may cause ureteral damage. We have previously shown that the β-agonist isoproterenol (ISO), when administered topically in the irrigation fluid, is able to inhibit ureteral muscle tone and lower intrarenal pressure during URS. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ISO on the success rate of UAS insertion in a porcine model. Materials and Methods. 22 pigs in which a UAS could not initially be placed were randomized to endoluminal irrigation with either ISO (0.1 μg/mL) or saline before a new insertion trial. Subsequently, it was registered whether the UAS could be passed without resistance. During extraction of the sheath, any ureteral lesions were characterized ureteroscopically using the PULS classification system. Surgeons were blinded to randomization. Results. In the ISO group, the observed effect of irrigation was 63% successful UAS insertions, compared to 27% in the saline group. No serious lesions (<PULS grade 2) were observed in the ISO group. Conclusions. Endoluminal irrigation with ISO may facilitate UAS insertion and potentially decrease UAS related ureteral lesions.

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