scholarly journals Emerging Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Barbotin ◽  
Maëliss Peigné ◽  
Samuel Andrew Malone ◽  
Paolo Giacobini
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Control ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Paradigm Shifting ◽  
Traditional Roles

Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, research into the physiological actions of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), from its eponymous role in male developmental biology to its routine clinical use in female reproductive health, has undergone a paradigm shifting change. With several exciting studies recently reporting hitherto unforeseen AMH actions at all levels in the hypogonadal-pituitary-gonadal axis, the importance of this hormone for both hypothalamic and pituitary reproductive control is finding increasing support and significance. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about the traditional roles and biology of AMH and how this could be integrated with new findings of AMH actions at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. We also synthesize the important findings from these new studies and discuss their potential impact and significance to our understanding of one of the most common reproductive disorders currently affecting women, polycystic ovary syndrome.

scholarly journals Leptin and Female Reproductive Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Pyari Jaiswar ◽  
Apala Priyadarshini
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Food Intake Regulation

Leptin is a peptide hormone, secreted primarily by the adipose tissue, placenta being the second leptin-producing tissue in humans. Apart from playing an integral role in food intake regulation and energy balance, leptin is an important signalling molecule affecting human reproduction. Accumulated evidence suggests that leptin has potential roles in the regulation of GnRH and LH secretion, puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Deregulation of leptin levels has been associated with several reproductive disorders including infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This chapter illustrates the importance of leptin in female reproductive health, its role in the metabolic regulation of reproductive axis and its eventual pathophysiological implications in prevalent reproductive disorders.

A change in the calculated impact of supersonic aircraft NO x emissions on the atmosphere

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (1119) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Dessens ◽  
H. L. Rogers ◽  
J. A. Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Special Report ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Supersonic Aircraft ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

Abstract New model calculations suggest that the potential impact on the atmosphere of a future fleet of supersonic aircraft, for the year 2015, is highly dependent upon the amount of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emitted from the fleet. This result contrasts with the IPCC assessment which suggested that the impact of supersonic aircraft on the atmosphere was primarily through the role of water vapour emissions both on atmospheric ozone and climate change. These new findings are extremely important for atmospheric scientists, the aviation industry and policy makers, highlighting the importance of further development of low NO x combustors for supersonic aircraft, an aspect which has been largely ignored following the IPCC Special Report.

The impact of tuberculosis and chemotherapy on female reproductive health

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 168-171
Author(s):  
S I Kayukova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Reproductive Aged Women ◽  
The Impact

The paper outlines a concise review of Russian and foreign literature on the specific features of the course of respiratory tuberculosis in reproductive-aged women. It shows the impact of active tuberculosis and massive chemotherapy on the reproductive system, analyzes clinical symptoms, immediate and long-term consequences, and prognosis of future reproductive function. The timely diagnosis and optimal correction of reproductive disorders in women with respiratory tuberculosis can improve their quality of life, fertile capacities, and birth of a successive healthy offspring

scholarly journals Potential Health Benefits of Curcumin on Female Reproductive Disorders: A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Datu Agasi Mohd Kamal ◽  
Norizam Salamt ◽  
Allia Najmie Muhammad Yusuf ◽  
Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd Kashim ◽  
Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ovarian Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Curcumin is one of the main polyphenolic compounds in the turmeric rhizome. It possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-arthritis, anti-asthmatic, anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-fungal properties. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential health benefits of curcumin to treat female reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian failure and endometriosis. Comprehensive information on curcumin was retrieved from electronic databases, which were MEDLINE via EBSCOhost, Scopus and Google Scholar. The available evidence showed that curcumin reduced the high level of androgen in PCOS. Studies in rodents suggest that curcumin resulted in the disappearance of cysts and the appearance of healthy follicles and corpora lutea. Furthermore, animal studies showed curcumin improved the overall function of the ovary in ovarian diseases and reversed the disturbance in oxidative stress parameters. Meanwhile, in vitro and in vivo studies reported the positive effects of curcumin in alleviating endometriosis through anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Thus, curcumin possesses various effects on PCOS, ovarian diseases and endometriosis. Some studies found considerable therapeutic effects, whereas others found no effect. However, none of the investigations found curcumin to be harmful. Curcumin clinical trials in endometriosis and ovarian illness are still scarce; thus, future studies need to be conducted to confirm the safety and efficacy of curcumin before it could be offered as a complementary therapy agent.

scholarly journals Environmental Contaminants Affecting Fertility and Somatic Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catheryne Chiang ◽  
Sharada Mahalingam ◽  
Jodi Flaws
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Uterine Fibroids ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Semen Volume

AbstractThis review article summarizes the epidemiological findings published between 2011 and 2016 concerning bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, pesticides, air pollution, fracking chemicals, triclosan, and parabens and fertility parameters in men (i.e., semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology) as well as fertility parameters in women (i.e., cyclicity, fertility treatment outcomes), pregnancy outcomes (i.e., preterm birth, miscarriage), and reproductive disorders (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids). Overall, this review indicates that several environmental toxicants are significantly associated with reduced fertility parameters in men and women as well as several reproductive disorders in women. Although many studies reported that the selected exposures are associated with adverse fertility outcomes, several studies reported null associations. Thus, future studies are still needed to better elucidate the associations and potential mechanisms between these environmental chemicals and fertility outcomes in men and women.

scholarly journals Infertility and reproductive disorders: impact of hormonal and inflammatory mechanisms on pregnancy outcome

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Vannuccini ◽  
Vicki L. Clifton ◽  
Ian S. Fraser ◽  
Hugh S. Taylor ◽  
Hilary Critchley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract BACKGROUND Reproductive disorders and infertility are associated with the risk of obstetric complications and have a negative impact on pregnancy outcome. Affected patients often require assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to conceive, and advanced maternal age is a further confounding factor. The challenge is to dissect causation, correlation and confounders in determining how infertility and reproductive disorders individually or together predispose women to poor pregnancy outcomes. METHODS The published literature, to June 2015, was searched using PubMed, summarizing all evidences concerning the perinatal outcome of women with infertility and reproductive disorders and the potential mechanisms that may influence poor pregnancy outcome. RESULTS Reproductive disorders (endometriosis, adenomyosis, polycystic ovary syndrome and uterine fibroids) and unexplained infertility share inflammatory pathways, hormonal aberrations, decidual senescence and vascular abnormalities that may impair pregnancy success through common mechanisms. Either in combination or alone, these disorders results in an increased risk of preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental pathologies and hypertensive disorders. Systemic hormonal aberrations, and inflammatory and metabolic factors acting on endometrium, myometrium, cervix and placenta are all associated with an aberrant milieu during implantation and pregnancy, thus contributing to the genesis of obstetric complications. Some of these features have been also described in placentas from ART. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive disorders are common in women of childbearing age and rarely occur in isolation. Inflammatory, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms associated with these disorders are responsible for an increased incidence of obstetric complications. These patients should be recognized as ‘high risk’ for poor pregnancy outcomes and monitored with specialized follow-up. There is a real need for development of evidence-based recommendations about clinical management and specific obstetric care pathways for the introduction of prompt preventative care measures.

Clinical Translational Studies of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tia Hunjan ◽  
Ali Abbara
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pulse Generation ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Neurokinin B ◽  
Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism ◽  
Hot Flush ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

AbstractKisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that are vital for reproductive health. An absence of either kisspeptin or NKB signaling results in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and a failure to proceed through puberty. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated potential avenues for the clinical utility of medications that act through these pathways in the assessment and treatment of reproductive disorders. Kisspeptin acts to stimulate hypothalamic gonadotrophic-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus. Kisspeptin induces gonadotrophin secretion in both healthy men and women, and in women with reproductive disorders such as hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). Kisspeptin-based treatments hold promise for use during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment; a bolus of kisspeptin-54 induces an LH surge of 12 to 14 hours of duration sufficient to induce oocyte maturation, but with markedly reduced rates of the most significant complication of IVF treatment, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Kisspeptin could also be used chronically to restore reproductive health in patients with functional hypogonadism, such as those with HA. Furthermore, kisspeptin has potential as a diagnostic test of hypothalamic function; a “kisspeptin test” could be used in children with delayed puberty to identify the subset with genetically determined deficits in hypothalamic pathways (congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism [CHH]). In addition to its role in hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation, NKB plays a critical role in the occurrence of one of the most troubling symptoms of the menopause, the “hot flush.” Neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) antagonists are highly effective as treatments for hot flushes in postmenopausal women, with several compounds now in late-phase development. Furthermore, NK3R antagonism leads to a reduction in LH secretion by reducing GnRH pulsatility in the hypothalamus and has been shown to reduce androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (in whom GnRH pulsatility is often increased). In summary, although further detailed evaluation in several clinical settings is ongoing, medications based on kisspeptin and NKB pathways have prodigious potential in the assessment and treatment of reproductive disorders.

scholarly journals Reproductive alterations in hyperinsulinemic but normoandrogenic MSG obese female rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 229 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Simões Gaspar ◽  
Renata Ohana Alves Benevides ◽  
João Lucas de Lima Fontelles ◽  
Caroline Castro Vale ◽  
Lucas Martins França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Fertility Disorders ◽  
Ovarian Follicular Cysts

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are the common causes of reproductive and fertility disorders in women. In particular, polycystic ovary syndrome, which is clinically characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology, has been increasingly associated with metabolic disorders. However, given the broad interplay between metabolic and reproductive functions, this remains a field of intense research. In this study, we investigated the effect of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity on reproductive biology of female rats. Newborn female rats were subcutaneously injected with MSG (4g/kg/day) or equiosmolar saline (CTR) each 2 days up to postnatal day (pnd) 10. On pnd 60, estrous cycle was evaluated using vaginal smears twice a day for 15 days, which showed MSG rats to be oligocyclic. Thereafter, animals were killed on estrous phase for blood and tissue collection. MSG rats had increased body mass, accumulation of retroperitoneal and visceral fat pads, and visceral adipocyte hypertrophy compared with CTR rats. MSG rats were also dyslipidemic and hyperinsulinemic but were normoglycemic and normoandrogenic. Ovarian morphology analysis showed that MSG rats had a two-fold decrease in oocyte count but a six-fold increase on ovarian follicular cysts, along with a higher number of total primordial and atretic follicles. Moreover, MSG rats had a four-fold increase in anti-Müllerian hormone immunohistochemical staining on antral follicles. Taken together, data presented here characterize MSG obesity as a unique model to study the metabolic pathways underlying reproductive disorders in the absence of overactivated hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.

scholarly journals High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet Disrupts the Preovulatory Hormone Surge and Induces Cystic Ovaries in Cycling Female Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 1488-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina M Volk ◽  
Veronika V Pogrebna ◽  
Jackson A Roberts ◽  
Jennifer E Zachry ◽  
Sarah N Blythe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Estrous Cycling

Abstract Diet-induced obesity has been associated with various metabolic and reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which obesity influences the reproductive system are still not fully known. Studies have suggested that impairments in hormone signaling are associated with the development of symptoms such as acyclicity and ovarian cysts. However, these studies have often failed to address how these hormonal changes arise and how they might contribute to the progression of reproductive diseases. In the present study, we used a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity in a female rodent model to determine the changes in critical reproductive hormones that might contribute to the development of irregular estrous cycling and reproductive cycle termination. The HFHS animals exhibited impaired estradiol, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges before ovulation. The HFHS diet also resulted in altered basal levels of testosterone (T) and LH. Furthermore, alterations in the basal P4/T ratio correlated strongly with ovarian cyst formation in HFHS rats. Thus, this model provides a method to assess the underlying etiology of obesity-related reproductive dysfunction and to examine an acyclic reproductive phenotype as it develops.

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