Staphylococcus epidermidis: A Potential New Player in the Physiopathology of Acne?

Dermatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 235 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Claudel ◽  
Nicole Auffret ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Leccia ◽  
Florence Poli ◽  
Stéphane Corvec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Skin Commensals

Background: Cutibacterium acnes has been identified as one of the main triggers of acne. However, increasing knowledge of the human skin microbiome raises questions about the role of other skin commensals, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, in the physiopathology of this skin disease. Summary: This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the potential role of S. epidermidis in the physiopathology of acne. Recent research indicates that acne might be the result of an unbalanced equilibrium between C. acnes and S. epidermidis,according to dedicated interactions. Current treatments act on C. acnesonly. Other treatment options may be considered, such as probiotics derived from S. epidermidis to restore the naturally balanced microbiota or through targeting the regulation of the host’s AMP mediators. Key Messages: Research seems to confirm the beneficial role of S. epidermidis in acne by limiting C. acnes over-colonisation and inflammation.

scholarly journals Microbiome of human skin - its immunohomeostatic role and the role in pathogenesis of skin diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
D D Petrunin
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatoses ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

In the last decade new methods of metagenomic analysis allowed to obtain important data regarding the microbiome of human skin. The problem of colonization and secondary infection by pathogenic microbes is of special importance for allergic dermatoses that require topical immunosuppressive therapy. One of treatment options in this case could be topical multicomponent drugs that allow successful treatment of infectious complications of inflammatory dermatoses. But there are still a lot of blanks regarding both fundamental questions regarding human skin microbiome and practice aspects of treatment of skin diseases where it plays a pathogenetic role. This literature review systematizes and structures the accumulated data regarding the composition and the role of human skin microbiome in normal conditions and in various skin diseases as well as summarizes clinical data of use of combinational topical glucocorticosteroid drugs. Furthermore, some algorithms concerning the choice and optimization of topical treatment of secondary infected dermatoses are outlined.

scholarly journals From Dysbiosis to Healthy Skin: Major Contributions of Cutibacterium acnes to Skin Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Miquel Rozas ◽  
Astrid Hart de Ruijter ◽  
Maria Jose Fabrega ◽  
Amine Zorgani ◽  
Marc Guell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Skin Commensals ◽  
Niche Competition

Cutibacterium acnes is the most abundant bacterium living in human, healthy and sebum-rich skin sites, such as the face and the back. This bacterium is adapted to this specific environment and therefore could have a major role in local skin homeostasis. To assess the role of this bacterium in healthy skin, this review focused on (i) the abundance of C. acnes in the skin microbiome of healthy skin and skin disorders, (ii) its major contributions to human skin health, and (iii) skin commensals used as probiotics to alleviate skin disorders. The loss of C. acnes relative abundance and/or clonal diversity is frequently associated with skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis. C. acnes, and the diversity of its clonal population, contributes actively to the normal biophysiological skin functions through, for example, lipid modulation, niche competition and oxidative stress mitigation. Compared to gut probiotics, limited dermatological studies have investigated skin probiotics with skin commensal strains, highlighting their unexplored potential.

scholarly journals The Cutaneous Microbiome and Wounds: New Molecular Targets to Promote Wound Healing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Johnson ◽  
Belinda Gómez ◽  
Matthew McIntyre ◽  
Michael Dubick ◽  
Robert Christy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function ◽  
Healing Tissue ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Skin Commensals ◽  
Chronic Skin

The ecological community of microorganisms in/on humans, termed the microbiome, is vital for sustaining homeostasis. While culture-independent techniques have revealed the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease, the role of the cutaneous microbiome in wound healing is less defined. Skin commensals are essential in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier function, regulation of the host immune system, and protection from invading pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we summarize the literature derived from pre-clinical and clinical studies on how changes in the microbiome of various acute and chronic skin wounds impact wound healing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic insights garnered from model wound healing systems. Finally, in the face of growing concern about antibiotic-resistance, we will discuss alternative strategies for the treatment of infected wounds to improve wound healing and outcomes. Taken together, it has become apparent that commensals, symbionts, and pathogens on human skin have an intimate role in the inflammatory response that highlights several potential strategies to treat infected, non-healing wounds. Despite these promising results, there are some contradictory and controversial findings from existing studies and more research is needed to define the role of the human skin microbiome in acute and chronic wound healing.

scholarly journals Microbiome and acne vulgaris

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 388-394
Author(s):  
Ziyuan Ma ◽  
Nikolay G. Kochergin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
The Relationship

Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous follicle. Although the pathogensis of acne remains uncertain, skin microbes are considered to plays an essential role in acne vulgaris. Cutibacterium acnes is the most important microbe in acne pathogenesis and its several processes: colonization, over-proliferation and inflammation have long been thought to contribute to the disease. Moreover, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia also synergistically collaborate with Cutibacterium acnes. Besides, given the growing number of patients who are treatment resistant, assessments are needed on phenotypic changes in the skin microbiome with retinoids and antibacterial therapy. Further research on the role of microbes in the pathogenesis of acne and the relationship between pathogenic microbes is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for clinical treatment of acne.

Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4510-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Longoni ◽  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Shivakumar Kolachalam ◽  
Ilaria Pietrantoni ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
The Brain

: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.

scholarly journals Role of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 in Cancer: Genetic Basis, Impact on Disease Development/Progression, and Potential as Therapeutic Targets

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kotowski ◽  
Jakub Rosik ◽  
Filip Machaj ◽  
Stanisław Supplitt ◽  
Daniel Wiczew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Cancer Tissues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Glycolysis is a crucial metabolic process in rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. Its efficiency is allosterically regulated by numerous substances occurring in the cytoplasm. However, the most potent regulator of PFK-1 is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP), the level of which is strongly associated with 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity (PFK-2/FBPase-2, PFKFB). PFK-2/FBPase-2 is a bifunctional enzyme responsible for F-2,6-BP synthesis and degradation. Four isozymes of PFKFB (PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4) have been identified. Alterations in the levels of all PFK-2/FBPase-2 isozymes have been reported in different diseases. However, most recent studies have focused on an increased expression of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 in cancer tissues and their role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on all PFKFB genes and protein structures, and emphasize important differences between the isoenzymes, which likely affect their kinase/phosphatase activities. The main focus is on the latest reports in this field of cancer research, and in particular the impact of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 on tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. We also present the most recent achievements in the development of new drugs targeting these isozymes. Finally, we discuss potential combination therapies using PFKFB3 inhibitors, which may represent important future cancer treatment options.

scholarly journals Anatomy promotes neutral coexistence of strains in the human skin microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arolyn Conwill ◽  
Anne C Kuan ◽  
Ravalika Damerla ◽  
Alexandra J Poret ◽  
Jacob S Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Population Fragmentation ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Independent Source ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Resident Populations ◽  
And Migration

What enables strains of the same species to coexist in a microbiome? Here, we investigate if host anatomy can explain strain co-residence of Cutibacterium acnes, the most abundant species on human skin. We reconstruct on-person evolution and migration using 947 C. acnes colony genomes acquired from 16 subjects, including from individual skin pores, and find that pores maintain diversity by limiting competition. Although strains with substantial fitness differences coexist within centimeter-scale regions, each pore is dominated by a single strain. Moreover, colonies from a pore typically have identical genomes. An absence of adaptive signatures suggests a genotype-independent source of low within-pore diversity. We therefore propose that pore anatomy imposes random single-cell bottlenecks during migration into pores and subsequently blocks new migrants; the resulting population fragmentation reduces competition and promotes coexistence. Our findings imply that therapeutic interventions involving pore-dwelling species should focus on removing resident populations over optimizing probiotic fitness.

Role of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Human Skin

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aton M. Holzer ◽  
Richard D. Granstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

Background: The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has long been known to drive and participate in countless intracellular processes. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin. Knowledge of the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin may help shape new therapies for skin injury, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous disorders. Objective: The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to current knowledge regarding the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin and to outline areas in which further research is necessary to clarify the nature and mechanism of these effects. Conclusion: Extracellular ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Waeytens ◽  
Martine De Vos ◽  
Debby Laukens
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Recent studies underscore the importance of the damaged epithelial barrier and the dysregulated innate immune system in their pathogenesis. Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small proteins with a high and conserved cysteine content that are rapidly upregulated in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding the expression and potential role of MTs in IBD. MTs exert a central position in zinc homeostasis, modulate the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-B, and serve as antioxidants. In addition, MTs could be involved in IBD through their antiapoptotic effects or through specific immunomodulating extracellular effects. Reports on MT expression in IBD are contradictory but clearly demonstrate a deviant MT expression supporting the idea that these aberrations in IBD require further clarification.

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