scholarly journals Some Galeomorph Sharks Express a Mammalian Microglia-Specific Protein in Radial Ependymoglia of the Telencephalon

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Skirmantas Janušonis
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Horn Shark ◽  
Adapter Molecule ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reliable Marker

Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), also known as allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), is a highly conserved cytoplasmic scaffold protein. Studies strongly suggest that Iba1 is associated with immune-like reactions in all Metazoa. In the mammalian brain, it is abundantly expressed in microglial cells and is used as a reliable marker for this cell type. The present study used multiple-label microscopy and Western blotting to examine Iba1 expression in the telencephalon of 2 galeomorph shark species, the swellshark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum) and the horn shark (Heterodontus francisci), a member of an ancient extant order. In the swellshark, high Iba1 expression was found in radial ependymoglial cells, many of which also expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein. Iba1 expression was absent from most cells in the horn shark (with the possible exception of perivascular cells). The difference in Iba1 expression between the species was supported by protein analysis. These results suggest that radial ependymoglia of the elasmobranchs may be functionally related to mammalian microglia and that Iba1 expression has undergone evolutionary changes in this cartilaginous group.

scholarly journals Thymoquinone and Curcumin Defeat Aging-Associated Oxidative Alterations Induced by D-Galactose in Rats’ Brain and Heart

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6839
Author(s):  
Ali H. El-Far ◽  
Yaser H. A. Elewa ◽  
Elsayeda-Zeinab A. Abdelfattah ◽  
Abdel-Wahab A. Alsenosy ◽  
Mustafa S. Atta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Preventive Effect ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Adapter Molecule ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bcl2 Expression

D-galactose (D-gal) administration causes oxidative disorder and is widely utilized in aging animal models. Therefore, we subcutaneously injected D-gal at 200 mg/kg BW dose to assess the potential preventive effect of thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (Cur) against the oxidative alterations induced by D-gal. Other than the control, vehicle, and D-gal groups, the TQ and Cur treated groups were orally supplemented at 20 mg/kg BW of each alone or combined. TQ and Cur effectively suppressed the oxidative alterations induced by D-gal in brain and heart tissues. The TQ and Cur combination significantly decreased the elevated necrosis in the brain and heart by D-gal. It significantly reduced brain caspase 3, calbindin, and calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1), heart caspase 3, and BCL2. Expression of mRNA of the brain and heart TP53, p21, Bax, and CASP-3 were significantly downregulated in the TQ and Cur combination group along with upregulation of BCL2 in comparison with the D-gal group. Data suggested that the TQ and Cur combination is a promising approach in aging prevention.

scholarly journals Mutations in calphotin, the gene encoding a Drosophila photoreceptor cell-specific calcium-binding protein, reveal roles in cellular morphogenesis and survival.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Yang ◽  
D Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Photoreceptor Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Cell Organelle ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Cellular Morphogenesis ◽  
Transgenic Flies ◽  
Drosophila Photoreceptor

Abstract Calphotin is a Drosophila photoreceptor cell-specific protein expressed very early in eye development, at the time when cell-type decisions are being made. Calphotin is a very hydrophobic and proline-rich protein which lacks obvious transmembrane domains. The cDNA encoding Calphotin was mapped to a region removed by a set of existing chromosomal deletions. Mutations that alter photoreceptor cell structure and development were isolated that fail to complement these deletions. These mutations fall into two classes. Class I mutations alter the structure of the rhabdomere, a photoreceptor cell organelle specialized for phototransduction. Class II mutations have rough eyes, due to misorientation of the rhabdomeres and photoreceptor cell death. Transformation rescue of these phenotypes in transgenic flies bearing calphotin genomic DNA indicates that both classes of mutations are in the calphotin gene. Analysis of these mutations suggest that Calphotin plays important roles in both rhabdomere development and in photoreceptor cell survival.

scholarly journals Microtubule Actin Cross-Linking Factor (Macf)

1999 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 1275-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad L. Leung ◽  
Dongming Sun ◽  
Min Zheng ◽  
David R. Knowles ◽  
Ronald K.H. Liem
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Actin Binding Domain

We cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA of mouse actin cross-linking family 7 (mACF7) by sequential rapid amplification of cDNA ends–PCR. The completed mACF7 cDNA is 17 kb and codes for a 608-kD protein. The closest relative of mACF7 is the Drosophila protein Kakapo, which shares similar architecture with mACF7. mACF7 contains a putative actin-binding domain and a plakin-like domain that are highly homologous to dystonin (BPAG1-n) at its NH2 terminus. However, unlike dystonin, mACF7 does not contain a coiled–coil rod domain; instead, the rod domain of mACF7 is made up of 23 dystrophin-like spectrin repeats. At its COOH terminus, mACF7 contains two putative EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and a segment homologous to the growth arrest–specific protein, Gas2. In this paper, we demonstrate that the NH2-terminal actin-binding domain of mACF7 is functional both in vivo and in vitro. More importantly, we found that the COOH-terminal domain of mACF7 interacts with and stabilizes microtubules. In transfected cells full-length mACF7 can associate not only with actin but also with microtubules. Hence, we suggest a modified name: MACF (microtubule actin cross-linking factor). The properties of MACF are consistent with the observation that mutations in kakapo cause disorganization of microtubules in epidermal muscle attachment cells and some sensory neurons.

Microglia of medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) express a specific activation marker homologous to vertebrate ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1/alias aif-1)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 987-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Drago ◽  
Pierre-Eric Sautière ◽  
Françoise Le Marrec-Croq ◽  
Alice Accorsi ◽  
Christelle Van Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Medicinal Leech ◽  
Hirudo Medicinalis ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Activation Marker ◽  
Adapter Molecule

scholarly journals PTSD Susceptibility and Challenges: Pathophysiological Consequences of Behavioral Symptoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 279-285
Author(s):  
Mulugu V Brahmajothi ◽  
Mohamed B Abou-Donia
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Subclinical Symptoms

Abstract Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop during the aftermath of traumatic events. Although many are impacted by several stressors, nearly 3.6% suffer from PTSD in the United States with higher incidence reported in military service personnel. Any injury to the blood-brain barrier can ignite an array of biological signaling molecules in the immune-privileged brain parenchyma, which can disrupt the synaptic neural network, resulting in altered behavior. Materials and Methods In this preliminary study, we compared 20 PTSD veterans with age-matched healthy veterans to identify plasma levels of brain-specific protein markers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/immunofluorometric sandwich assay for neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines, and catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) by zymography. Results We observed an increased level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and MMP2 and MMP9 but decreased level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor-beta, and negligible difference in astroglial marker S100 calcium-binding protein B compared to controls. Conclusion Identification of neural biomarkers is essential to understand the subclinical symptoms for the diagnosis PTSD, which may not be visible by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI/fMRI) and may take years to clinically manifest.

IDENTIFICATION OF A CALCIUM-BINDING, BRAIN SPECIFIC PROTEIN IN THE AXOPLASM OF SQUID GIANT AXONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alemá ◽  
P. Calissano ◽  
G. Rusca ◽  
A. Giuditta
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Giant Axons

scholarly journals Variability among selective guava (Psidium guajava L.) varieties revealed by morphology and RAPD marker

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzana Alam ◽  
Kazi Didarul Islam ◽  
SM Mahbubur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Range Of Variation

The research was conducted for the assessment of genetic diversity using both morphological and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of twelve guava (Psidium guajava L.) varieties growing in Bangladesh. Morphological characterization of guava varieties showed a wide range of variation. The highest variability was observed between Poly and Jelly varieties.Polymerase chain reaction with 5 arbitrary 10-mer and 3 arbitrary 12- mer RAPD primers produced a total of 50 bands of which 75.23 percent were polymorphic. The highest percentage of polymorphic loci (100%) was observed for primer A and the lowest (50%) for A03 primer. The UPGMA dendrogram revealed the segregation pattern and the difference of evolutionary changes. Guava varieties were separated into two main groups, one of them was made up of Chineese, Jelly, Kazi, Apple, L-49, Local-2 and Local-3. The other one was made up of Local-1, Poly, Kashi, Thai and Bombay. The highest genetic distance between Apple and Kazi peyara indicate that these varieties might be interesting in breeding programme for improving trait of interest. This scientific information could be used for further improvement of guava. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 7(2): 89-98, 2018 (December)

scholarly journals A Stereological Analysis of NPY, POMC, Orexin, GFAP Astrocyte, and Iba1 Microglia Cell Number and Volume in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 1701-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyra B. Lemus ◽  
Jacqueline A. Bayliss ◽  
Sarah H. Lockie ◽  
Vanessa V. Santos ◽  
Alex Reichenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Stereological Analysis ◽  
Adapter Molecule ◽  
Neuronal Number

The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains 2 key neural populations, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and, together with orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, plays an integral role in energy homeostasis. However, no studies have examined total neuronal number and volume after high-fat diet (HFD) exposure using sophisticated stereology. We used design-based stereology to estimate NPY and POMC neuronal number and volume, as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocyte marker) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (microglia marker) cell number in the ARC; as well as orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Stereological analysis indicated approximately 8000 NPY and approximately 9000 POMC neurons in the ARC, and approximately 7500 orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. HFD exposure did not affect total neuronal number in any population. However, HFD significantly increased average NPY cell volume and affected NPY and POMC cell volume distribution. HFD reduced orexin cell volume but had a bimodal effect on volume distribution with increased cells at relatively small volumes and decreased cells with relatively large volumes. ARC glial fibrillary acidic protein cells increased after 2 months on a HFD, although no significant difference after 6 months on chow diet or HFD was observed. No differences in ARC ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 cell number were observed in any group. Thus, HFD affects ARC NPY or POMC neuronal cell volume number not cell number. Our results demonstrate the importance of stereology to perform robust unbiased analysis of cell number and volume. These data should be an empirical baseline reference to which future studies are compared.

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