Fluoride in Dental Biofilm Varies across Intra-Oral Regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Staun Larsen ◽  
Vibeke Baelum ◽  
Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta ◽  
Alan Richards ◽  
Bente Nyvad
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Biofilm Fluid ◽  
Fluoride Distribution ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Information on differences in biofilm fluoride concentration across intra-oral regions may help explain the distribution of caries within the dentition. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the fluoride concentration in saliva and in biofilm fluid and biofilm solids across 6 intra-oral regions. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 42 participants and biofilm harvested from the buccal sites in the 4 molar and 2 anterior regions. Samples were collected at least 1 h after use of fluoride dentifrice. No attempt was made to control the participants' food consumption or use of other topical agents. Centrifuged saliva, biofilm fluid, and biofilm solids were analysed for fluoride using a fluoride ion-selective electrode, adapted for microanalysis. Fluoride in biofilm varied across intra-oral regions. The mean biofilm fluid fluoride concentrations across the oral cavity ranged from 11.6 to 16.8 µM, being statistically significantly higher in the upper anterior region than in any other region. In all regions the fluoride concentration in biofilm fluid was higher than in saliva. For biofilm solids the fluoride concentration was highest in the lower anterior region (2,461 μmol/kg) and lowest in the lower molar regions (388 and 406 μmol/kg, respectively). Within biofilm, the solids contained most of the fluoride (81 to >99%). The biofilm fluid fluoride concentration was significantly positively associated with salivary fluoride and only marginally associated with that of biofilm solids. In conclusion, this study has shown pronounced differences in fluoride distribution across intra-oral regions and compartments. This shows that the sampling site is a crucial factor for studies of biofilm fluoride.

scholarly journals Investigation of Salivary RANKL and OPG Levels in Periodontitis Patients at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Asif ◽  
Basaruddin Ahmad ◽  
Syed Ameer Hamza ◽  
Haslina Taib ◽  
Nur Karyatee Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plaque Score ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Abstract Background This study was aimed to determine the levels of salivary receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its association with periodontal status among periodontitis patients. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study was designed and performed at the Dental Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Random sampling was employed to identify 88 participants into three groups: 30 mild periodontitis, 30 moderate to severe periodontitis, and 28 healthy (nonperiodontitis) patients. Periodontal parameters: periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque score (PS), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. In total, 4 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected to determine the levels of salivary RANKL and OPG proteins by using ELISA technique. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 24.0. Results Mean values for PPD (5.3 ± 0.5) and CAL (5.6 ± 0.5) were observed higher for moderate to severe periodontitis as compared with values (4.4 ± 0.2) (4.5 ± 0.2) in mild periodontitis patients. The mean salivary RANKL and OPG was 0.23 ± 0.07 ng/mL and 1.78 ± 0.70 ng/mL respectively in moderate to severe periodontitis. Only salivary RANKL levels were significantly and positively correlated with all the clinical periodontal parameters. Conclusion The levels of salivary RANKL were higher as opposed to lower OPG levels in periodontitis patients in contrast to healthy (nonperiodontitis) patients. RANKL levels were significantly associated with the periodontal parameters. Therefore, we can conclude that RANKL can potentially aid as an adjunctive diagnostic protein in evaluating periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Unstimulated Whole Saliva Cortisol Levels during Ramadan in Iranian Muslims

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah ◽  
Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Saliva Cortisol ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

ABSTRACT Aims Ramadan is a great opportunity for scientific research due to its peculiar nature. This study was designed to investigate whether morning saliva cortisol pick can change during and after Ramadan compared to before it. Materials and methods A total of 30 healthy volunteer men (aged between 30 and 76 years) were asked to participate in a cross-sectional study between August 12 and September 10, 2010. Saliva was collected 2 weeks before the beginning of Ramadan (BR), during the first week (R1), middle (R2), the last week (R3) of Ramadan and 3 weeks after Ramadan (AR). Cortisol concentration was analyzed by ELISA. Statistical analysis of one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results The mean unstimulated saliva cortisol concentration and its output were significantly higher in the BR than during and after Ramadan. Conclusion Mean saliva cortisol concentration and its output tended to be lower during and 3 weeks after Ramadan. Clinical significance Cortisol as a stress hormone seems to be low during Ramadan. How to cite this article Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Mirzaii-Dizgah I. Unstimulated Whole Saliva Cortisol Levels during Ramadan in Iranian Muslims. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(3):341-344.

scholarly journals Fusobacterium Nucleatum : Bakteri Anaerob pada Lingkungan Kaya Oksigen (Dihubungkan dengan Staterin Saliva)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Yumi Lindawati ◽  
Ameta Primasari ◽  
Dwi Suryanto
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Dental Plaques ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Fusobacterium nucleatum pada plak gigi berperan penting sebagai jembatan peralihan antara kolonisasi bakteri awal plak gigi dengan kolonisasi bakteri berikutnya, khususnya bakteri anaerob obligat. Fusobacterium nucleatum merupakan bakteri anaerob obligat, namun membran terluar F. nucleatum secara spesifik mengikat asam amino ke-21 dan 26 dari molekul staterin yang berasal dari saliva sehingga memungkinkan bakteri ini dapat tumbuh pada saliva dan plak supragingiva. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan dan jumlah koloni F. nucleatum, konsentrasi staterin, korelasi keduanya pada saliva dan plak supragingiva. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan desain cross- sectional pada 28 sampel Unstimulated whole saliva menggunakan metode spitting dan plak supragingiva matang dilekatkan pada paper point nomor 60 dari pasien di Instalasi Periodonsia RSGMP FKG USU. Konsentrasi staterin dihitung menggunakan ELISA, jumlah koloni F. nucleatum dengan mengkultur sampel pada media Crystal Violet Erythromicyn, dilakukan perhitungan manual pada piring petri. Penelitian ini menemukan pertumbuhan koloni F. nucleatum dari sampel saliva dan plak supragingiva dalam jumlah sedikit. Median konsentrasi staterin diperoleh pada saliva 1,5 µg/ml (x=2,35±2,71 µg/ml) pada plak supragingiva 223 µg/ml (x=332±242 µg/ml). Secara teoritis bakteri ini berhubungan dengan staterin, akan tetapi pada penelitian ini secara statistik tidak dapat dikorelasikan pertumbuhannya dengan staterin. Simpulan penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa F. nucleatum dapat diperoleh dari lingkungan yang mengandung oksigen seperti pada saliva dan plak supragingiva, akan tetapi keterkaitannya dengan staterin saliva pada lingkungan tersebut memerlukan penjelasan lebih lanjut. Fusobacteriumnucleatum on dental plaque plays an important role as a transitional bridge between early bacterial colonization of dental plaques and subsequent bacterial colonization, especially obligate anaerobes. Fusobacteriumnucleatum is an obligate anaerobic bacteria, but the outer nucleatum membrane specifically binds to the 21st and 26th amino acids from the statherin molecule which comes from saliva, allowing this bacteria to grow in saliva and supragingival plaque. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and the number of fusobacteriumnucleatum colonies, statherine concentrations, their correlation to saliva and supragingival plaque. This observational study used a cross-sectional design in 28 unstimulated whole saliva samples using spitting and mature supragingival plaque methods attached to number 60 paper points from patients at Installation Periodonsia RGGMP FKG USU. The concentration of statherin was calculated using ELISA, the number of F. nucleatum colonies by culturing samples on the Violet Erythromicyn Crystal media. Manual calculations were made on petri dishes. This study found small amounts of F. nucleatum colonies from saliva and supragingival plaque samples. The median statherine concentration was found at saliva 1.5 µg / ml (x = 2.35 ± 2.71 µg / ml) and at supragingival plaques 223 µg / ml (x = 332 ± 242 µg / ml). Theoretically, this bacteria is related to statherine, but its growth can not be statistically correlated with statherine in this study. The conclusion of this study proved that F. nucleatumcould be obtained from oxygen rich environment such as saliva and supragingival plaque, but its association with saliva in the temperature required further explanation.

Fluoride formed on enamel by fluoride varnish or gel application: A randomized controlled clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Antonio Dall Agnol ◽  
Carla Battiston ◽  
Livia Maria Andalo Tenuta ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Fluoride Varnish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Biofilm Fluid

Although fluoride varnish (FV) and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF-gel) are considered clinically effective to reduce caries, in vitro studies have shown that FV reacts slowly with enamel because most NaF present in the formulation is not solubilized in the FV. Therefore, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate if the time that FV remains on dental surfaces could overcome its slower chemical reactivity when compared with APF-gel. Sixty-eight volunteers were randomly allocated into four groups: Negative control (Control, no treatment), APF -gel application (1.23% F applied for 4 min), and FV application (Duraphat®, 2.26 % F) for 4 h (FV-4h) or 24 h (FV-24h). To evaluate fluoride formed and retained on enamel, acid biopsies were made on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary central incisors before, at the end of the application of fluoride products (immediately after gel application, or after 4 or 24 h of varnish application) and after 7 and 28 days. Fluoride concentration in dental biofilm was also analyzed before and up to 28 days after initial application. The data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, considering treatment and time as factors. The APF-gel and FV-24h groups formed greater fluoride concentration on enamel than the FV-4h and the control group at the end of application (p=0.0001), with no difference from each other (p=0.99). The groups did not differ regarding fluoride in biofilm, fluid (p=0.73) and solids (0.40). In conclusion, fluoride varnish needs to remain in contact with the teeth for prolonged times (>4 h) to reach the same reactivity obtained by a 4-min application of APF-gel.

scholarly journals Detection of Salivary miRNAs Reflecting Chronic Periodontitis: A Pilot Study

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Fujimori ◽  
Toshiki Yoneda ◽  
Takaaki Tomofuji ◽  
Daisuke Ekuni ◽  
Tetsuji Azuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Probing Pocket Depth ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

The purpose of this cross-sectional pilot study was to find salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) reflecting periodontal condition in chronic periodontitis. One hundred and twenty chronic periodontitis patients (mean age, 68.4 years) participated in the study, from whom unstimulated whole saliva was collected. A multiphase study was conducted to explore salivary miRNAs as biomarkers of periodontitis. At first, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was performed to compare salivary miRNAs profiles in no and mild (no/mild) and severe periodontitis patients. Next, the relative expression of salivary miRNAs on individual samples was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The numbers (%) of patients were 26 (21.6%, no/mild), 58 (48.3%, moderate) and 36 (30.0%, severe), respectively. Among 84 miRNAs, only the relative expression of hsa-miR-381-3p in the severe periodontitis group was significantly higher than that of the no/mild periodontitis group (p < 0.05). Among the 120 patients, there was also a significant correlation between the relative expression of hsa-miR-381-3p and the mean probing pocket depth (PPD) (r = 0.181, p < 0.05). Salivary hsa-miR-381-3p was correlated with periodontitis condition in chronic periodontitis patients.

scholarly journals Analysis of the relationship between human cytomegalovirus DNA and gB-1 genotype in the saliva of HIV/AIDS patients with xerostomia and salivary flow rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Irna Sufiawati ◽  
S. Suniti ◽  
Revi Nelonda ◽  
Rudi Wisaksana ◽  
Agnes Rengga Rendati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases vulnerability to opportunistic viral infection, including Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, that has been detected in saliva. The HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is highly immunogenic and has been associated with HCMV-related diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of HCMV and gB-1 genotype in the saliva of HIV/AIDS patients and to analyse their relationship with xerostomia and salivary flow rate (SFR). Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 34 HIV/AIDS patients. Saliva was tested for the presence of HCMV DNA using PCR microarrays, and nested PCR for gB-1 genotype detection. Xerostomia was measured using a Fox’s questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate was measured by means of the spitting method. Results: The composition of the research population consisting of 73.5% males and 26.5% females with HIV/AIDS. HCMV was found in 64.7% of HIV/AIDS patients, while gB-1 genotype was detected in 59.1%. Xerostomia was closely associated with the presence of HCMV in saliva (p<0.05), but not with gB-1. There was no significant relationship between xerostomia and SFR rates in the research subjects with HCMV positive saliva (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of xerostomia-associated HCMV in saliva was elevated among HIV/AIDS patients. Further investigation is required to identify other gB genotypes that may be responsible for xerostomia and SFR changes in HIV/AIDS patients.

scholarly journals Oral candidal carriage and its association with dental carious lesions in asymptomatic adults: a cross-sectional study from the UAE

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhail H. Al-Amad ◽  
Betul Rahman ◽  
Nadia Khalifa ◽  
Manal A. Awad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Oral Rinse ◽  
Whole Saliva

Abstract Background Candida’s potential association with dental caries has previously been reported in children. This research aimed at investigating the associations between Candida species in whole saliva and dental and periodontal health indices in a sample of adult patients. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 160 patients investigated the associations between Candida species collected by oral rinse technique, and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces (DMFS), and periodontal health indices. Chi-square and Independent Samples t-test were used to assess the associations between Candida carriage and confounding variables. Binary logistic regression was used to assess association strengths between Candida carriage and DMFS, adjusted for socio-demographic variables, diabetes mellitus and plaque index. Results Candida colonies were identified in 49 (30.6%) patients with CFUs ranging from 103 to 105 colonies per mL. The quantity of Candida CFUs increased with age (r = 0.200; p < 0.05). Among all dental and periodontal health indices, only DMFS was significantly associated with higher values of Candida carriage (p = 0.034), and this association was independent from sex, age, smoking, diabetes mellitus and plaque index (OR: 1.014; 95% CI 1.0–1.03; p = 0.048). Conclusion The association between Candida species in whole saliva and DMFS reported here supports an etiological role of Candida in dental cariogenesis among adults.

scholarly journals Correlation of Salivary Statherin and Calcium Levels with Dental Calculus Formation: A Preliminary Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Gowda Sadashivappa Pateel ◽  
Shilpa Gunjal ◽  
Swarna Y. Math ◽  
Devarasa Giriyapura Murugeshappa ◽  
Sreejith Muraleedharan Nair
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
Range Of Functions

Background. Salivary constituents have a wide range of functions including oral calcium homeostasis. Salivary proteins such as statherin inhibit crystal growth of calcium phosphate in supersaturated solutions and interact with several oral bacteria to adsorb on hydroxyapatite. Concurrently, saliva, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium phosphates, is the driving force for plaque mineralization and formation of calculus. Thus, the aim of the present study was to estimate and correlate salivary statherin and calcium concentration to the dental calculus formation.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the relationship between salivary statherin, calcium, and dental calculus among 70 subjects, aged 20–55 years. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the calculus scores as interpreted by Calculus Index which was followed by collection of whole saliva using Super•SAL™. Salivary calcium levels were assessed by calorimetric method using Calcium Assay kit (Cayman Chemical, Michigan, USA) and statherin levels by using ELISA Kit (Cusabio Biotech).Results. Statherin levels showed a weak negative correlation with the calcium levels and with calculus formation. The mean salivary statherin and calcium concentration were found to be 0.96 μg/ml and 3.87 mg/ml, respectively. Salivary statherin levels differed significantly among the three groups (p<0.05).Conclusions. Our preliminary data indicates that statherin could possibly play a role in the formation of dental calculus.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Periapical Status of Root-Filled Canals: A Cross-Sectional Study at the Undergraduate Level

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Moreira Costa ◽  
Suelleng Maria Santos Soares ◽  
Paula Cristina Pelli Paiva ◽  
Flaviana Dornela Verli ◽  
Patrícia Furtado Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Gingival Bleeding ◽  
Tooth Mobility ◽  
Carious Lesions

Objective. The aim was to evaluate the influence of multiple factors on the periapical status of endodontically treated (ET) teeth. Methods. The patients were clinically and radiographically reevaluated after root canal therapy. The quality of the root-filled canals, coronal restorations, intraradicular posts, dental caries, and periodontal parameters were associated with the teeth’s periapical status. Results. The 122 patients provided 154 ET teeth; 97.4% teeth were asymptomatic, and 75.5% had a normal periapical status. The percentage of perfect, satisfactory, and deficient root-filled canals was of the order of 41.6%, 46.1%, and 12.3%, respectively. The percentage of adequate and inadequate coronal restorations was 31.2% and 68.8%, respectively. A total of 14.9% teeth had intraradicular posts, and 29.2% had cavitated carious lesions in the dentin. Gingival bleeding was observed in 31.8% of teeth, and dental biofilm was visible in 58.4%. A total of 11.7% showed pathologic tooth mobility, and 22.1% teeth were diagnosed with periodontal disease. Conclusions. Carious lesions, gingival bleeding, and tooth mobility were significantly associated with the occurrence of periapical lesions in root-filled canals.

Fluoride Levels in Unstimulated Whole Saliva following Clinical Application of Different 5% NaF Varnishes

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-438
Author(s):  
Danika Downey ◽  
Joseph Dennison ◽  
George J. Eckert ◽  
Susan E. Flannagan ◽  
Gisele F. Neiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Institutional Review Board Approval ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva ◽  
Time Point

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release from differently formulated 5% NaF varnishes into unstimulated whole saliva in vivo. The fluoride concentration in unstimulated whole saliva was determined after the application of 3 different 5% NaF varnishes (5% NaF, 5% NaF + tricalcium phosphate [TCP], and 5% NaF + amorphous calcium phosphate [ACP]) or a placebo. Fifteen subjects were recruited and enrolled following Institutional Review Board approval based upon the inclusion/exclusion criteria of this study. A cross-over study design was used for the application of either one of the 5% NaF varnishes or a placebo. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline and at 1, 4, 6, 26, and 50 h following application and analyzed for supernatant ionic fluoride and whole fluoride by microdiffusion. Linear mixed-effects models (5% significance level) were used to determine the effects of varnish and time on the salivary fluoride concentration. The highest amount of fluoride in saliva was found 1 h after application of the fluoride varnishes, with no significant differences among the treatment varnishes with respect to whole fluoride but with lower levels for 5% NaF + ACP in the saliva supernatant. Salivary fluoride levels at 4, 6, and 26 h decreased at each time point and were generally significantly higher for 5% NaF and 5% NaF + TCP. After 50 h, fluoride levels in saliva for all groups were at or below baseline levels. In conclusion, the formulation of other ingredients in fluoride varnishes can affect the fluoride concentration in saliva. The reasons for this phenomenon warrant further investigation since it might affect efficacy of the treatment. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01629290).

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