Efficacy and Side Effects of Chloral Hydrate and Tryptophan as Sleeping Aids in Psychogeriatric Patients

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Linnoila ◽  
M. Viukari ◽  
A. Numminen ◽  
J. Auvinen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Psychogeriatric Patients

A survey of post-discharge side effects of conscious sedation using chloral hydrate in pediatric CT and MR imaging

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Kao ◽  
Susan D. Adamson ◽  
Leann H. Tatman ◽  
Kevin S. Berbaum
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Pediatric Ct

Efficacy and Side Effects of Nitrazepam and Thioridazine as Sleeping Aids in Psychogeriatric In-patients

1976 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Linnoila ◽  
Matti Viukari
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Psychogeriatric Patients

SummaryThe efficacy and side effects of 10 mg of nitrazepam and 25 mg of thioridazine as sleeping aids were measured in 20 psychogeriatric in-patients during the 14th night and morning of drug administration. The trial used a double blind, cross-over design. The effect of nitrazepam was slightly faster than that of thioridazine. After thioridazine, but not after nitrazepam, the patients slept significantly longer than after placebo. Nitrazepam, but not thioridazine, significantly impaired patients' abilities to move and to conduct everyday activities. It is concluded that thioridazine is a suitable sleeping aid for psychogeriatric patients, but that nitrazepam should be avoided.

Comparison of intranasal midazolam, intranasal ketamine, and oral chloral hydrate for conscious sedation during paediatric echocardiography: results of a prospective randomised study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (09) ◽  
pp. 1189-1195
Author(s):  
Hayrullah Alp ◽  
Ahmet M. Elmacı ◽  
Esma K. Alp ◽  
Bülent Say
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Transthoracic Echocardiography ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
Intranasal Midazolam ◽  
Prospective Randomised Study

AbstractObjective:There are several agents used for conscious sedation by various routes in children. The aim of this prospective randomised study is to compare the effectiveness of three commonly used sedatives: intranasal ketamine, intranasal midazolam, and oral chloral hydrate for children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography.Methods:Children who were referred to paediatric cardiology due to a heart murmur for transthoracic echocardiography were prospectively randomised into three groups. Seventy-three children received intranasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), 72 children received intranasal ketamine (4 mg/kg), and 72 children received oral chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg) for conscious sedation. The effects of three agents were evaluated in terms of intensity, onset, and duration of sedation. Obtaining high-quality transthoracic echocardiography images (i.e. absence of artefacts) were regarded as successful sedation. Side effects due to medications were also noted.Results:There was no statistical difference in terms of sedation success rates between three groups (95.9, 95.9, and 94.5%, respectively). The median onset of sedation in the midazolam, ketamine, and chloral hydrate was 14 minutes (range 7–65), 34 minutes (range 12–56), and 40 minutes (range 25–57), respectively (p < 0.001 for all). However, the median duration of sedation in study groups was 68 minutes (range 20–75), 55 minutes (range 25–75), and 61 minutes (range 34–78), respectively (p = 0.023, 0.712, and 0.045). Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in the chloral hydrate group (11.7 versus 0% for midazolam and 2.8% for ketamine, respectively, p = 0.002).Conclusion:Results of our prospectively randomised study indicate that all three agents provide adequate sedation for successful transthoracic echocardiography. When compared the three sedatives, intranasal midazolam has a more rapid onset of sedation while intranasal ketamine has a shorter duration of sedation. Intranasal ketamine can be used safely with fewer side effects in children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography.

scholarly journals Is it Impossible to Replace Chloral Hydrate in Dental Sedation of Pediatric Dentistry in Korea?

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-234
Author(s):  
Miran Han ◽  
Jongbin Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Fda

Chloral hydrate (CH) has been used in sedation for over 100 years. CH was first synthesized in 1832, the sedative properties were observed in 1861. Because of its easy synthesis, its use was widespread since 1869. There is a record of the use of CH in children as early as 1894. Recently there have been many controversies about safety of CH. Because of the low cost and relatively safe experience CH has still been used for dental sedation in children. After the US FDA recommendation in 2006, US pharmaceutical companies no longer produce commercial CH. However, CH has been used in the form of suspensions prepared from raw materials in many areas of the United States, and reports of adverse events related to death have continued.<br/>CH is the most commonly used drug for sedation in Korea, and there have been some reports of side effects.<br/>Dexmedetomidine, propofol and midazolam were introduced as an alternative for CH. There are various limitations in using them in the pediatric dentistry area and there are many things to consider.<br/>The purpose of this review is to analyze the complications of CH and status of use in Korea, and to introduce alternatives to CH.

Preference Studies of Triazolam with Standard Hypnotics in Out-Patients with Insomnia

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F Fabre ◽  
David M McLendon ◽  
Robert T Harris
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Sleep Questionnaire ◽  
Efficacy Parameters ◽  
Better Than

One hundred and four patients suffering from insomnia took part in four different two-night double-blind crossover trials of triazolam. In three separate studies, triazolam 0·5 mg was compared to placebo, flurazepam 30 mg and chloral hydrate 500 mg. Triazolam 0·5 mg was found to be preferred and to be superior to placebo, flurazepam and chloral hydrate in the treatment of insomnia. Analysis of sleep questionnaire data showed triazolam to be superior to the other treatments on the following: How much did the medication help you sleep, onset of sleep, duration of sleep and number of awakenings. Additionally, triazolam was superior to chloral hydrate on the feeling in the morning parameter. In another comparison of triazolam 0·25 mg to flurazepam 15 mg, triazolam was not significantly better than flurazepam on any of the efficacy parameters except that the patients felt more alert the morning following triazolam than following flurazepam. On all efficacy endpoints, trends for all parameters favoured triazolam 0·25 mg over flurazepam 15 mg. Untoward side-effects in these four studies were minimal.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness and Side Effects of Conscious Sedation using Chloral hydrate, Hydroxyzine, and Nitrous oxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Gyeongmin Kim ◽  
Jaesik Lee ◽  
Hyunjung Kim ◽  
Soonhyeun Nam
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Associated Variables ◽  
Over Time

This retrospective study assessed the effectiveness and side effects of conscious sedation using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and N<sub>2</sub>O/O<sub>2</sub> in the sedation of 149 pediatric patients over 188 sedation sessions, and to identify associated variables.<br/>The effectiveness of the sedation was evaluated using the Houpt scale, and was considered effective for scale categories of excellent or good. Effectiveness and side effects were assessed every 15 minutes. The effectiveness decreased and side effects increased over time. The effectiveness of sedation during 60 minutes was 57.4%, and one or more side effects occurred in 18.1% of sessions. Effectiveness of sedation increased with body mass index (BMI). When patients were sedated at the beginning of the procedure, the effectiveness was greater. Side effects increased with patient age. When sedation was divided into two sessions, the number of sedation did not affect the effectiveness or side effects.<br/>It can be suggested that sedation should be performed over two separate sessions, as a single prolonged session may lead to reduced effectiveness and increased side effects. To maximize effectiveness and minimize side effects, several variables such as BMI, whether to sedate at the beginning of the procedure and age should be considered thoroughly before sedation.

Safety and Effectiveness of Low-Dose Clozapine in Psychogeriatric Patients: A Preliminary Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Oberholzer ◽  
C. Hendriksen ◽  
A. U. Monsch ◽  
B. Heierli ◽  
H. B. Stähelin
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Treatment Tolerance ◽  
Psychogeriatric Patients

The short- and long-term treatment tolerance of low-dose clozapine was retrospectively investigated in 18 psychogeriatric patients. Discontinued use of the drug because of side effects or inefficiency was required for only four patients. In the long-term treatment group leukopenia was not observed, and disturbances of liver function appeared to be very infrequent. A second group of seven severely demented psychogeriatric inpatients who were currently being treated with low-dose clozapine underwent a withdrawal study in order to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, measured by the NOSIE and the SCAG scales. The results indicate that for patients such as these, with paranoid or socially disturbing behavior who also tend to develop severe neurological side effects with classical neuroleptics, a low-dose administration of clozapine is an acceptable alternative treatment.

Gastric Ulcers Produced by Cisplatin

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal ◽  
J. San Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
Intestinal Toxicity ◽  
Ovarian Cancers ◽  
Inner Surface

Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)) a potent antitumor agent is now available for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers. It is however, not free from its serious side effects including nephrotoxicity, gastro intestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity. Here we now report that the drug produces peculiar bloating of the stomach in rats and induces acute ulceration.Wistar-derived rats weighing 200-250 g were administered cisplatin(9 mg/kg) ip as a single dose in 0.15 M NaCl. After 3 days the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The stomachs were removed, the contents analyzed for pepsin and acidity. The inner surface was examined with a dissecting microscope after a moderate stretching for ulcers. Affected areas were fixed and processed for routine electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry.The drug treated animals kept on food and water consistently showed bloating and lesions (Fig. 1) with a frequency of 6-70 ulcers in the rumen section of the stomachs.

Effects of cisplatin treatment on the rat neurohypophysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J.M. Fadool ◽  
P.J. Boyer ◽  
S.K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Antineoplastic Drugs

Cisplatin (CDDP) is currently one of the most valuable antineoplastic drugs available. However, it has severe toxic side effects of which nephrotoxicity is the major dose limiting factor in its use. It induces morphological changes in the kidney with hampered urine output. The present study is an effort to determine the influence of the drug on the neurohypophysis for any antidiuretic effects on the kidney.

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