Caries Epidemiology and Community Dentistry: Chances for Future Improvements in Caries Risk Groups. Outcomes of the ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium, Greifswald, 2014. Part 1

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian H. Splieth ◽  
Jette Christiansen ◽  
Lyndie A. Foster Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Saturday Afternoon ◽  
Community Dentistry ◽  
Healthy Schools ◽  
Caries Epidemiology ◽  
The Common ◽  
Health Programmes

This paper reviews the first part of the outcomes of the ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium 2014 dealing with ‘caries epidemiology and community dentistry: chances for future improvements in caries risk groups'. After the caries decline in many countries, there are remaining pockets of higher caries levels, mostly in the primary dentition and/or linked to a low socio-economic status (SES). The review into the evidence of caries-preventive measures clearly points to the use of fluorides, especially toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste and collective measures such as water fluoridation. In contrast to several unsuccessful high-risk approaches, community and public health programmes seem to be able to ensure a population-wide access and compliance in risk groups. Their simple and evidence-based measures mostly combine regular plaque removal and fluoride applications via toothbrushing, at least for children and adolescents. For the future, the common risk factor approach which addresses associations between oral health, social deprivation, diet, hygiene, smoking, alcohol use and stress should lead to combined efforts with other community health and education specialists. Further engagement with public policy, community leaders and administration is needed in order to strengthen healthy choices and behaviour, e.g. in ‘healthy' schools and kindergartens. It seems advisable that these population programmes also aim at improving upstream factors.

scholarly journals Divergent associations between incident hypertension and deprivation based on different sources of case identification

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Aubé-Maurice ◽  
L. Rochette ◽  
C. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Physician Billing ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Incident Cases

Introduction Studies suggest that hypertension is more prevalent in the most deprived. Our objective was to examine the association between incident hypertension and deprivation in Quebec based on different modes of case identification, using two administrative databases. Methods We identified new incident cases of hypertension in 2006/2007 in the population aged 20 years plus. Socio-economic status was determined using a material and social deprivation index. Negative binomial regression analyses were carried out to examine the association between incident hypertension and deprivation, adjusting for several covariates. Results We found a positive and statistically significant association between material deprivation and incident hypertension in women, irrespective of the identifying database. Using the hospitalization database, the incidence of hypertension increased for both sexes as deprivation increased, except for social deprivation in women. However, whether using the physician billing database or the validated definition of hypertension obtained by combining data from the two databases, the incidence of hypertension decreased overall as deprivation increased. Conclusion Associations between hypertension and deprivation differ based on the database used: they are generally positively associated with the hospitalization database and inversely with the standard definition and the physician billing database, which suggests a consultation bias in favour of the most socio-economically advantaged.

scholarly journals A study on nutritional status of adolescent girls of Dongria Kondh tribe

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573
Author(s):  
Sikata Nanda ◽  
Rabi Narayan Dhar
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Common

Background: Nutritional status of adolescent girls are different from the younger children and older adults. In the tribal population they are more neglected in comparison to boys because of limited resources and health care facilities. In the present study we have done assessment of nutritional status of adolescent girls in the Dongria Kondh tribe in Odisha. Methods: Dongria Kondh’ residing in Rayagada district of Odisha, having its maximum concentration was studied. Bissam Cuttack block was selected randomly as the study area. Moreover, coincidently majority of the study population resided in the block having villages like Kurli, Khambesi, Hundijali, Muthesi, Khajuri, Mundabali and Uppar Gandatallli which are situated as a distance of 5000 ft height above sea level. 89 adolescent girls were considered to assess the nutritional status of tribal adolescent girls of Dongria Kondh tribe to study the different factors associated with the nutritional status of the girls and to suggest remedial measures for integrated development of the adolescent girls. Results: Most of the girls (81%) were from nuclear family. All girls belonged to low socio economic status. The energy intake was adequate only in 35% of study subjects. The protein intake was adequate in only 38% of study subjects. The common types of food consumed was rice, ragi and seasonal fruits and all were non vegetarian. Conclusions: The widespread problem of poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, absence of sanitary living condition, ignorance of cause of disease still are the contributing factors for the deplorable condition prevailing amongst the adolescent girls of the tribal group. As they are future mothers, improvement of nutritional status should be the primary objective. 

BACTERIAL UTI INVESTIGATION IN MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Rosline Hassan ◽  
Shaiful Bahari Ismail ◽  
Kamaruddin Jaalam ◽  
Muzaimi Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Upper Tract ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Common

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the parts of urinary tract of the body which include the lower and upper tract. The upper tract of the system include ureters and kidneys; while, lower tract include prostate in males, bladder, and urethra. If the infection is in the upper segment in the tract, it is known as kidney infection. Whereas, lower urinary tract is known as cystitis or bladder infection. Two common type of infection are based on bacteria or fungus. In this study, the objective was to test the bacterial UTIs etiology in the area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The focus was to identify the proper antibiotics, epidemiology especially high-risk groups as well as positivity rate in terms of gender and age. The methodology of the study was collection and analysis of Urine specimen samples using the  sterile container for later sensitivity and culture purpose. Isolated organisms were removed using different biochemical tests and proper antibiograms were found by using the AST or dish diffusion method. Our results based on sampling of 1402 specimens collected and tested showed positivity rate of UTI among 23.25 % (326 out of 1402 patients). The most common caused bacteria causing UTI was Escherichia Coli (E.Coli). the other commonly found bacteria included Enterococcoi, proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, and Enterobacter. Our results confirmed that there was more presence of UTI among female compare to male sample. In terms of age, the common age group was between 22 to 28 years. The Tetracyclin was found to be most resistant antibiogram where as Chloramphenicol was found to be the most sensitive.

Living Independently Is Good: Residence Patterns in Rural North China Reconsidered

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Filial Piety ◽  
North China ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Family Based

Filial piety provides an important ideological basis for family-based support in China. Evidence indicates that in recent years the support of the aged within the Chinese extended family has decreased. This article examines filial piety, residence, and support arrangements in three rural Chinese villages. Anthropologists independently conducted research in these villages in the 1990s: Hong Zhang in Zhongshan Village in Hubei Province, Yunxiang Yan in Xiajia Village in Heilongjiang Province, and myself in Lijia Village in Shandong Province. This article examines the strategies used by the young and old in negotiating intergenerational support and residential arrangements within the context of local village circumstances and policies. In each village, the aged are increasingly likely to live apart from children, and to express a preference for living independently. Although these facts appear to contradict filial piety, filial piety continues to be valued. Filial respect of elders, however, is seen less as an inherent right and more as a reciprocal relationship that can be built, maintained, and lost. Housing policies and the economic status of the aged both appear to play an important role in explaining the common trends in these villages as well as explaining the differences between them. To varying degrees in each village, power has shifted to the younger generation.

scholarly journals Molecular genetics in psychiatric epidemiology: the promise and challenge

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. HENDERSON ◽  
D. H. R. BLACKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Psychiatric Epidemiology ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

Psychiatric epidemiology is becalmed. Since mid-century, there has been substantial progress in finding risk factors for the common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. This has been almost entirely within a social paradigm. Much has been learned about the effects of interpersonal and other social exposures across the lifespan in contributing to these disorders (Brown & Harris, 1978, 1989; Paykel, 1992; Blazer, 1995; Henderson, 1988, 1999). But the range of possibly causal variables has been narrow: demography, socio-economic status, childhood experiences, recent exposure to adversity and the availability of social support. The dominant paradigm has been environmental exposure, examining how experiences that arise outside the individual may have an enduring impact on mental health. The environment in question has been interpersonal or social. Within this paradigm, no new hypotheses of major significance have emerged in recent years.Epidemiologists have known that the biological domain might be important in aetiology, but for the common mental disorders it has been largely passed over. Properties of the adult brain, whether innate or moulded by environmental exposures, have only rarely been accessible. With the advances in molecular genetics, this is changing (Rutter & Plomin, 1997). For epidemiology, there is now the possibility of bringing molecular genetics into studies of aetiology. Because of the significance of this development, we present a critical assessment of the prospects for population-based research using molecular genetics, the work already reaching publication and the methodological issues that are arising.

scholarly journals Prognostic Role and Diagnostic Power of Seven Indicators in COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Ding ◽  
Wanwan Zhang ◽  
Fengling Zhang ◽  
Chaoqun Huang ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Prognostic Signature ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Diagnostic Ability ◽  
The Common ◽  
Disease Indicators ◽  
Critical Type ◽  
D Dimer

The prognostic role and diagnostic ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease indicators are not elucidated, thus, the current study aimed to investigate the prognostic role and diagnostic ability of several COVID-19 disease indicators including the levels of oxygen saturation, leukocytes, lymphocytes, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and D-dimer in patients with COVID-19. The levels of oxygen saturation, lymphocytes, and albumin were significantly higher in the common and severe clinical type patients compared with those in critical type patients. However, levels of leukocytes, CRP, IL-6, and D-dimer were significantly lower in the common and severe type patients compared with those in critical type patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, the current study demonstrated that the seven indicators have good diagnostic and prognostic powers in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, a two-indicator (CRP and D-dimer) prognostic signature in training and testing datasets was constructed and validated to better understand the prognostic role of the indicators in COVID-19 patients. The patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median-risk scores. The findings of the Kaplan–Meier curve analysis indicated a significant divergence between the high-risk and low-risk groups. The findings of the receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis indicated the good performance of the signature in the prognosis prediction of COVID-19. In addition, a nomogram was constructed to assist clinicians in developing clinical decision-making for COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the findings of the current study demonstrated that the seven indicators are potential diagnostic markers for COVID-19 and a two-indicator prognostic signature identification may improve clinical management for COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among agrarian communities of Kogi State, Nigeria: Evaluated in the context of The Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Advisory Committee recommendation 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy T. Anunobi ◽  
Ikem C. Okoye ◽  
Ifeanyi Oscar N. Aguzie ◽  
Yvonne E. Ndukwe ◽  
Onyekachi J. Okpasuo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Agrarian Communities ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis

AbstractSoil-transmitted helminths (STH) have remained a major threat to human especially children in developing countries including Nigeria. Interventions have always been geared towards school-aged children, neglecting preschool-aged children and occupational risk adults. The Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Advisory Committee (STHAC) recently suggested incorporating other at-risk groups. In the context of this recommendation, this study assessed the associated risk of STH infection among agrarian communities of Kogi State, Nigeria. A total of 310 individuals of all ages participated in the cross-sectional survey. Stool samples were analyzed using standard Kato-Katz method. A total of 106 (34.2%) individuals were infected with at least one STH. Hookworm was the most prevalent (18.1%); followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (16.8%). Worm intensity was generally light. Prevalence of infection was similar between four age groups considered (preschool, school, ‘women of reproductive age’ and older at-risk group). Poor socio-economic status (SES) was a major risk for STH infection. Using a 20-assets based criteria, 68 (23.1%) and 73 (24.7%) of 295 questionnaire respondents were classified into first (poorest) and fifth (richest) wealth quintiles respectively. Risk of infection with STH was 60% significantly lower in the richest wealth quintile compared to the poorest (Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 0.4843, 95% CI = 0.2704 – 0.8678, p = 0.015). Open defecators were more likely to harbour STH than those who did not (PR = 1.7878, 95% CI = 1.2366 – 2.5846, p = 0.00201). Pit latrine and water closet toilet each approximately reduced STH infection by 50% (p < 0.05). Preventive chemotherapy for all age groups, health education and provision of basic amenities especially toilets are needed in order to achieve the goal toward the 2020 target of STH control.Author summarySoil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are major cause of morbidities globally, especially among children in developing countries such as Nigeria. Present World Health Organization recommended control strategy solely require preventive chemotherapy targeting preschool-aged children (PSAC) and school-aged children (SAC), and the recently included women of reproductive age (WRA). The Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Advisory Committee (STHAC) which is saddled with responsibility of evaluating STHs status and providing appropriate recommendations proposed that preventive chemotherapy be extended to other at-risk groups. This study evaluates this and some other recommendations of STHAC 2016 using sections of a state in Nigeria where soil-transmitted helminthiasis is endemic.Findings from this study supports recommendations for extension of preventive chemotherapy to other at-risk groups apart from PSAC and SAC. It supports WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) as integral part of STH control. This finding emphasizes the need for health education and change in attitude which could promote tenets of WASH. And very importantly, the study emphasizes the role of poverty in the persistence of STH transmission. It is the belief of the authors that there is the need for improved socio-economic status for sustainable gains of control efforts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document