Activation of Acetone and Other Simple Ketones in Anaerobic Bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Heider ◽  
Karola Schühle ◽  
Jasmin Frey ◽  
Bernhard Schink
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subsequent Degradation ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Acetone and other ketones are activated for subsequent degradation through carboxylation by many nitrate-reducing, phototrophic, and obligately aerobic bacteria. Acetone carboxylation leads to acetoacetate, which is subsequently activated to a thioester and degraded via thiolysis. Two different types of acetone carboxylases have been described, which require either 2 or 4 ATP equivalents as an energy supply for the carboxylation reaction. Both enzymes appear to combine acetone enolphosphate with carbonic phosphate to form acetoacetate. A similar but more complex enzyme is known to carboxylate the aromatic ketone acetophenone, a metabolic intermediate in anaerobic ethylbenzene metabolism in denitrifying bacteria, with simultaneous hydrolysis of 2 ATP to 2 ADP. Obligately anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria activate acetone to a four-carbon compound as well, but via a different process than bicarbonate- or CO<sub>2</sub>-dependent carboxylation. The present evidence indicates that either carbon monoxide or a formyl residue is used as a cosubstrate, and that the overall ATP expenditure of this pathway is substantially lower than in the known acetone carboxylase reactions.

scholarly journals Research influence of biological corrosion on the strength of steel structures of hydrotechnical construction of long-term operation in aggressive environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Valeriy Makarenko ◽  
Viktor Viktor ◽  
Volodymyr Lyubenko ◽  
Sergiy Maksymov ◽  
Volodymyr Osadchyy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Surface ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Ionic Form ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Biocorrosion is caused by the vital activity of various microorganisms that use metals as a nutrient medium or produce products that destroy metal structures. Anaerobic is the most dangerous (growth without oxygen) sulfate-reducing bacteria, which are present in slimy and swamp soils. Bacteria restore sulfate ions to sulfides ions, accelerating corrosion of metal. Life of aerobic bacteria occurs only in the presence of oxygen. Bacteria oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid, the concentration of which in separate places can reach 10%. Ironobacteria absorb iron in ionic form and excrete it in the form of non-dissolved compounds. Since non-dissolved products are distributed on the metal surface unevenly, the electrochemical heterogeneity of the surface occurs, which accelerates corrosion. Microorganisms formed on the metal surface can cause not only corrosion. They can also increase the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the environment by increasing the amount of deposits on steel hydraulic structures. The greatest danger from the point of view of corrosion is sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), which are widespread in hydraulic environments. Sulfate renewable bacteria belong to the class of anaerobic bacteria, the vital activity of which can be without oxygen. Aerobic bacteria, such as ironbacteria (IB) and sulfur bacteria or thionic (TB), which are present in groundwater with SRB, is viable only in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria have a common existence environment, and therefore often the development of one species creates favorable conditions for others.

Evaluation of Minimally Invasive Arthroscopy Technology in Sports Medicine—An Evaluation of Nano Silver Disinfectants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1446-1450
Author(s):  
Ruiyi Ge ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Ziquan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Nano Silver ◽  
Iron Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Uniform Particle Size

Currently, nano silver fungicide prepared in the laboratory is used to disinfect arthroscopic surgical instruments. In this study, nano silver fungicides with stable properties were prepared and characterized. Afterwards, their bactericidal properties as well as mucus peeling properties were further tested. The results show that the nano silver fungicide prepared here contains uniform particle size and displays material stability for 60 days. Nano silver fungicide can completely kill sulfate-reducing bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and iron reducing bacteria, while the slime stripping rate is 80.58%. Additionally, we propose the use of nano silver sterilization agents to kill the arthroscopic surgical instruments in conjunction with proper manual cleaning, as they can effectively kill all the bacteria on the surgical instruments, achieving a sterilization rate of 99.99%.

scholarly journals Distribution of Sulfate-Reducing and Methanogenic Bacteria in Anaerobic Aggregates Determined by Microsensor and Molecular Analyses

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 4618-4629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia M. Santegoeds ◽  
Lars Riis Damgaard ◽  
Gijs Hesselink ◽  
Jakob Zopfi ◽  
Piet Lens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntrophic Bacteria ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACT Using molecular techniques and microsensors for H2S and CH4, we studied the population structure of and the activity distribution in anaerobic aggregates. The aggregates originated from three different types of reactors: a methanogenic reactor, a methanogenic-sulfidogenic reactor, and a sulfidogenic reactor. Microsensor measurements in methanogenic-sulfidogenic aggregates revealed that the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (2 to 3 mmol of S2− m−3 s−1 or 2 × 10−9 mmol s−1 per aggregate) was located in a surface layer of 50 to 100 μm thick. The sulfidogenic aggregates contained a wider sulfate-reducing zone (the first 200 to 300 μm from the aggregate surface) with a higher activity (1 to 6 mmol of S2− m−3 s−1 or 7 × 10−9 mol s−1 per aggregate). The methanogenic aggregates did not show significant sulfate-reducing activity. Methanogenic activity in the methanogenic-sulfidogenic aggregates (1 to 2 mmol of CH4 m−3s−1 or 10−9 mmol s−1 per aggregate) and the methanogenic aggregates (2 to 4 mmol of CH4 m−3 s−1 or 5 × 10−9 mmol s−1 per aggregate) was located more inward, starting at ca. 100 μm from the aggregate surface. The methanogenic activity was not affected by 10 mM sulfate during a 1-day incubation. The sulfidogenic and methanogenic activities were independent of the type of electron donor (acetate, propionate, ethanol, or H2), but the substrates were metabolized in different zones. The localization of the populations corresponded to the microsensor data. A distinct layered structure was found in the methanogenic-sulfidogenic aggregates, with sulfate-reducing bacteria in the outer 50 to 100 μm, methanogens in the inner part, andEubacteria spp. (partly syntrophic bacteria) filling the gap between sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria. In methanogenic aggregates, few sulfate-reducing bacteria were detected, while methanogens were found in the core. In the sulfidogenic aggregates, sulfate-reducing bacteria were present in the outer 300 μm, and methanogens were distributed over the inner part in clusters with syntrophic bacteria.

Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of metals and hydrides for portable energy supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
A. Kutsyi ◽  
◽  
A. Kytsya ◽  
V. Yartys ◽  
I. Zavaliy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Complex Hydride ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Catalytic Additives ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

NATO project G 5233 “Portable energy supply” was executed by 4 teams (Institute for Energy Technology, Norway and 3 Institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). G5233 Project was focused on the development of hydrogen fueled portable energy supply systems integrating hydrogen generation and storage units based on use of light metals, metal and complex hydride materials and portable fuel cells. The weight efficient energy supply device was developed by using these selected materials and performance-optimised NaBH4 complex hydride. Besides, various new relevant units of equipment for the samples preparation and characterization were ordered and accommodated in the participants labs and the program of training of young scientists at IFE, Norway was accomplished. Different types of materials for hydrogen generation were synthesized and characterized (activated aluminium alloys, Mg-Al alloys, MgH2 and their composites, NaBH4 with catalytic additives). The challenging objective of reaching a completeness of the hydrolysis of MgH2 was achieved; the reaction conditions were optimized and the particular focus applications integrating efficient hydrogen generation systems were identified. The mechanism and the kinetics model of the hydrolysis process of MgH2 in water solutions have been proposed which successfully describe the experimental data. In parallel with the hydrolysis reaction resulting in hydrogen generation and formation of Mg(OH)2 , the process involves passivation of the MgH2 surface by the formed Mg(OH)2 precipitate followed by its re-passivation with the rate constants of these processes being established. Increase of the concentration of MgCl2 leads to just a minor increase in the rate constant of the interaction of MgH2 with water but leads to a sharp increase of the rate constant of the repassivation of MgH2 surface. To achieve efficient hydrolysis of NaBH4 , different types of catalysts (heterogeneous on the basis of Pt and "homogeneous" - salts of Ni+2 and Co+2) were studied and optimized. Several systems were selected as candidates to provide the required hydrogen flow to operate a 30 W fuel cell over a given time exceeding 1 hour, based on a use of inexpensive and affordable hydrogen-containing materials and catalytic additives. 3 individual hydrolysis workstations (1 in Norway and 2 in Ukraine) were built, tested and optimized. The plan of the work to reach the objectives of the Project G5233 “Portable energy supply” is completely accomplished, all the milestones are successfully fulfilled and the overall goal of the Project is reached.

scholarly journals Presence of orange tubercles does not always indicate accelerated low water corrosion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang C. Phan ◽  
Scott A. Wade ◽  
Linda L. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACTThe rapid degradation of marine infrastructure at the low tide level due to accelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) is a problem encountered worldwide. Despite this, there is limited understanding of the microbial communities involved in this process. We obtained samples of the orange-coloured tubercles commonly associated with ALWC from two different types of steel sheet piling, located adjacent to each other but with different levels of localised corrosion, at a seaside harbour. The microbial communities from the outer and inner layers of the orange tubercles, and from adjacent seawater, were studied by pure culture isolation and metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA genes. A collection of 119 bacterial isolates was obtained from one orange tubercle sample, using a range of media with anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The metabarcoding results showed that sulfur and iron oxidisers were more abundant on the outer section of the orange tubercles compared to the inner layers, where Deltaproteobacteria (which includes many sulfate reducers) were more abundant. The microbial communities varied significantly between the inner and outer layers of the orange tubercles and also with the seawater, but overall did not differ significantly between the two steel sheet types. Metallurgical analysis found differences in composition, grain size, ferrite-pearlite ratio and the extent of inclusions present between the two steel types investigated.IMPORTANCEThe presence of orange tubercles on marine steel pilings is often used as an indication that accelerated low water corrosion is taking place. We studied the microbial communities in attached orange tubercles on two closely located sheet pilings that were of different steel types. The attached orange tubercles were visually similar, but the extent of underlying corrosion on the different steel surfaces were substantially different. No clear difference was found between the microbial communities present on the two different types of sheet piling. However, there were clear differences in the microbial communities in the corrosion layers of tubercles, which were also different to the microbes present in adjacent seawater. The overall results suggest that the presence of orange tubercles, a single measurement of water quality, or the detection of certain general types of microbes (e.g. sulfate reducing bacteria) should not be taken alone as definitive indications of accelerated corrosion.

Microbiology in Secondary Recovery Systems

CORROSION ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 298t-300t ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. WOLFSON
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Secondary Recovery ◽  
Sulfide Production ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Abstract A general discussion is given of the role of microorganisms in secondary recovery systems, including the interrelationship of the organisms with chemical scale and corrosion. Specific types of microorganisms discussed include iron bacteria, algae and fungi, slime formers, and corrosive (sulfate reducing) bacteria. The life cycles and nutritional requirements of the organisms are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of the different types of bacteria on each other. A genus of organisms, capable of hydrogen sulfide production, and previously not implicated in secondary recovery problems, is presented and described. 3.3.4

A gene cluster for taurine sulfur assimilation in an anaerobic human gut bacterium

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (15) ◽  
pp. 2271-2279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meining Xing ◽  
Yifeng Wei ◽  
Gaoqun Hua ◽  
Mengya Li ◽  
Ankanahalli N. Nanjaraj Urs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Sulfur Assimilation ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fermenting Bacteria ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Abstract Aminoethylsulfonate (taurine) is widespread in the environment and highly abundant in the human body. Taurine and other aliphatic sulfonates serve as sulfur sources for diverse aerobic bacteria, which carry out cleavage of the inert sulfonate C–S bond through various O2-dependent mechanisms. Taurine also serves as a sulfur source for certain strict anaerobic fermenting bacteria. However, the mechanism of C–S cleavage by these bacteria has long been a mystery. Here we report the biochemical characterization of an anaerobic pathway for taurine sulfur assimilation in a strain of Clostridium butyricum from the human gut. In this pathway, taurine is first converted to hydroxyethylsulfonate (isethionate), followed by C–S cleavage by the O2-sensitive isethionate sulfo-lyase IseG, recently identified in sulfate- and sulfite-reducing bacteria. Homologs of the enzymes described in this study have a sporadic distribution in diverse strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria, from both the environment and the taurine-rich human gut, and may enable sulfonate sulfur acquisition in certain nutrient limiting conditions.

scholarly journals Testy biocydów i neutralizatorów H2S jako dodatków do płuczek wiertniczych i płynów szczelinujących

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-151
Author(s):  
Piotr Kapusta ◽  
◽  
Anna Turkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Brzeszcz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Reduced Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Triazine Derivatives ◽  
The One ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The article presents the results of studies on substances with a biocidal effect in terms of their possible use as additives to drilling muds and fracturing fluids. The aim of the work was to identify the most effective biocides by examining their action on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and a consortium of microorganisms. Various chemicals have been considered, due to a constant and overriding goal to find the one with the highest activity, and above all, the ones that have not yet been tested. Particular attention was paid to substances that, apart from known biocidal properties, have also the ability to neutralize hydrogen sulfide, and to reduced sulfur compounds (H2S scavengers), and the so-called “green biocides”, i.e. those that are considered safe for the environment. Most of the tested biocidal agents were effective against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, while 10 out of 12 showed good or very good activity against SRB (low MIC and MBC values), including 3 out of 4 H2S scavengers. On the other hand, only some biocidal agents proved to be effective against fungi and microbial consortium; among them were agents containing quaternary ammonium compounds (Bardac LF and Barquat CB-80), triazine derivatives (Biostat and Petrosweet HSW 82165) and DBNPA (Biopol C-103L). Bardac LF and Barquat CB-80, together with the mixture of Grotan OX and Preventol GDA 50, upon introduction to the drilling mud and fracturing fluid, were superior over other biocidal agents (Biostat, Petrosweet HSW 82165 and Biopol C-103L), showing the full activity at 800 ppm. Environmentally friendly biocide Aquacar THPS 75 appeared to be the least effective.

scholarly journals Effect of Substitution of Urea with Different Types and Levels of Ruminant Manure on Microbial Evaluation of Rice Straw Silage

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Ali A. Saeed ◽  
Saja I. Abid
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Different Types

This study was conducted in Nutrition Lab. Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University to investigate the effect of type and level of substitution of urea with ruminant manure (sheep, cow and buffalo) on basis of nitrogen content on microbial composition of rice straw silage. Urea was substituted with dried manure at six combinations, 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Silage samples were prepared by treating chopped straw with pre-treated solution contained 10% low quality juice and 2% urea. Treated straw was packed in double plastic bags which were closed tightly and fermented for 60 days in bits. Results revealed that samples prepared by addition of cow manure were characterized with higher number of total anaerobic (P?0.05) and lactic acid bacteria (P?0.01), 9.22 and 8.62 log CFU.g-1 FM respectively. Whereas, lower (P?0.01) number of molds and yeasts were detected in those prepared with addition of buffalo manure, 3.51 and 4.54 log CFU.g-1  FM respectively. Significant increases were also observed in the total number of anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria with lower (P?0.01) numbers of total aerobic bacteria due to substitution of urea with manure, however, lower (P?0.01) number of molds and yeasts, 3.49 and 4.51 log CFU.g-1 FM were detected in samples prepared with a combination of 100:0 of urea: manure. 

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