scholarly journals New Reference Values for Vitamin C Intake

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
German Nutrition Society (DGE)
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Calculated Average

The German, Austrian, and Swiss nutrition societies are the editors of the ‘reference values for nutrient intake'. They have revised the reference values for the intake of vitamin C and published them in February 2015. The average vitamin C requirement in healthy adults is considered to be the vitamin C amount that compensates for the metabolic losses of vitamin C, and ensures a fasting ascorbate plasma level of 50 µmol/l. Based on the present data from studies with non-smoking men, metabolic losses of 50 mg/day are assumed, as well as an absorption rate of 80% and an urinary excretion of 25% of the vitamin C intake. Taking this into account, the calculated average requirement in men is 91 mg/day. Considering a coefficient of variation of 10%, a reference value (recommended intake) of 110 mg/day for men is derived. The vitamin C requirement in women as well as in children and adolescents is extrapolated from the requirement in men and in relation to their body weight. This results in a recommended intake of about 95 mg/day for adult women. Because the requirement in pregnant and lactating women is increased, higher recommended intakes are derived for them, 105 mg/day for pregnant women from the fourth month on and 125 mg/day for lactating women, respectively. For boys and girls at the age of 1 to under 15 years, there are increasing recommended intake values from 20 to 85 mg/day. For male and female adolescents, at the age of 15 to under 19 years, the recommended intake is 105 and 90 mg, respectively. As smokers have higher metabolic losses and lower plasma levels of vitamin C than non-smokers (turnover is 40% higher), the reference value for vitamin C intake is set to 135 mg/day for female smokers and 155 mg/day for male smokers. For infants in their first year of life, the reference value (estimated value) is set to 20 mg vitamin C/ day, based upon the lowest observed vitamin C intake for infants in the United Kingdom and the United States, that obviously meets the requirement in infants and that is 3 times higher than the amount necessary to prevent scurvy (7 mg/day).

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-675 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
National Office ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Registration Area

CONTINUOUS decline in infant mortality has been maintained in national figures since 1936. Prior to this the preceding 20 years had witnessed a steady downward trend although there had been occasional annual interruptions. Final figures for 1948, issued by The National Office of Vital Statistics in Special Reports, Vol. 35, Number 13, p. 188, August 23, 1950, indicate a total of 113,169 deaths under 1 year of age as having [See Chart I in source pdf.] been registered in the United States. This represents a rate of 32.0 per 1,000 live births, the lowest in our history. Chart 1 indicates the trend in the "Expanding Birth Registration Area" since 1915. In that year the "Area" was set up with 10 states and the District of Columbia. In 1933, with the admission of Texas, the "Area" included all 48 states. Over the 33 year period the decline in total infant mortality has been more than two thirds. The different periods of the first year of life have not, however, shared equally in the decline. The second half of the year has had the most favorable experience with a decline of 85%, while the first day has had the least decline, less than one third.

COMPLICATIONS OF SMALLPOX VACCINATION UNITED STATES 1963

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-923
Author(s):  
John M. Neff ◽  
Ronald H. Levine ◽  
J. Michael Lane ◽  
Ernest A. Ager ◽  
Helen Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
More Care ◽  
First Year Of Life

Four thousand nine hundred physicians in four states, representing 4.8% of the population of the United States, were surveyed in order to assess the frequency and types of complications that occurred during 1963 in association with smallpox vaccination. Four hundred ninety-one physicians initially reported observing 810 complications during this year. On follow-up of these cases, many were not actually complications or were complications that occurred in a year other than 1963. Accidental infection was the most common complication. Generalized vaccinia and eczema vaccinatum occurred at a frequency of 238 and 80, respectively, per million primary vaccinations. Severe complications were infrequent. No deaths and only one case each of post-vaccinal encephalitis and vaccinia necrosum were detected. The high frequency of many preventable complications and the disproportionate frequency of complications in infants suggest that morbidity and mortality now associated with smallpox vaccination could be significantly reduced if primary vaccination could be deferred until after the first year of life and if more care were taken to detect individuals in whom complications can be expected to occur.

scholarly journals Revised Reference Values for Potassium Intake

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Strohm ◽  
Sabine Ellinger ◽  
Eva Leschik-Bonnet ◽  
Friederike Maretzke ◽  
Helmut Heseker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Urinary Potassium

Background: The nutrition societies of Germany, Austria and Switzerland have revised the reference values for potassium intake in January 2017. Methods: For adults, the estimated value was based on the 24-h urinary potassium excretion and on preventive considerations regarding hypertension and stroke. The estimated values for children and adolescents were extrapolated from the adult estimated value considering differences in body mass. For infants aged 0 to under 4 months, the estimated value was set based on the potassium intake via breast milk. From this reference value, the estimated value for infants aged 4 to under 12 months was also derived by extrapolation. The estimated value for lactating women takes into account the potassium loss via breast milk. Results: The estimated values for potassium intake are set at 400 mg/day for breastfed infants aged 0 to under 4 months, 600 mg/day for infants aged 4 to under 12 months, 1,100-4,000 mg/day for children and adolescents, 4,000 mg/day for adults and pregnant women and 4,400 mg/day for lactating women. Conclusions: The consumption of potassium-rich foods should be generally increased. Supplemental intake beyond the estimated values has no health benefit and is therefore not recommended.

scholarly journals Revised D-A-CH Reference Values for the Intake of Vitamin B6

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Alexandra Jungert ◽  
Jakob Linseisen ◽  
Karl-Heinz Wagner ◽  
Margrit Richter ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Allometric Exponent ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Adult Females

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The Nutrition Societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as the joint editors of the “D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake” have revised the reference values for vitamin B<sub>6</sub> in summer 2019. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> For women, the average requirement (AR) for vitamin B<sub>6</sub> intake was derived on the basis of balance studies using a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) plasma concentration of ≥30 nmol/L as a biomarker of an adequate vitamin B<sub>6</sub> status. The recommended intake (RI) was derived considering a coefficient of variation of 10%. The RIs of vitamin B<sub>6</sub> for men, children, and adolescents were extrapolated from the vitamin B<sub>6</sub> requirement for women considering differences in body weight, an allometric exponent, growth factors as appropriate, and a coefficient of variation. For infants aged 0 to under 4 months, an estimated value was set based on the vitamin B<sub>6</sub> intake via breast feeding. The reference value for infants aged 4 to under 12 months was extrapolated from the estimated value for infants under 4 months of age and the average vitamin B<sub>6</sub> requirement for adults. The reference values for pregnant and lactating women consider the requirements for the foetus and the loss via breast milk. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> According to the combined analysis of 5 balance studies, the AR for vitamin B<sub>6</sub> to ensure a plasma PLP concentration of ≥30 nmol/L is 1.2 mg/day for adult females and the extrapolated AR for adult males is 1.3 mg/day. The corresponding RIs of vitamin B<sub>6</sub> are 1.4 mg/day for adult females and 1.6 mg/day for adult males, independent of age. For infants, the estimated value is 0.1 mg/day and 0.3 mg/day, depending on age. The AR of vitamin B<sub>6</sub> for children and adolescents ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/day, and the RI is between 0.6 mg/day and 1.6 mg/day. During pregnancy, the AR is 1.3 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.5 mg/day in the second and third trimesters; the RI is 1.5 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.8 mg/day in the second and third trimesters. For lactating women, the AR is 1.3 mg/day and the RI is 1.6 mg/day.

The Effect of Birth Month on the Risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization in the First Year of Life in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. e135-e140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Calderón Lloyd ◽  
Larissa May ◽  
Daniel Hoffman ◽  
Richard Riegelman ◽  
Lone Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Birth Month ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Competing effects on the average age of infant death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander ◽  
Leslie Root
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Approximation Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
First Year Of Life

In recent decades, the relationship between the average length of life for those who die in the first year of life — the lifetable quantity 1𝑎0 — and the level of infant mortality, on which its calculation is often based, has broken down. The very low levels of infant mortality in the developed world correspond to a range of 1𝑎0 quantities. We illustrate the competing effect of falling mortality and reduction in preterm births on 1𝑎0, through two populations with very different levels of premature birth — infants born to non-Hispanic white mothers and to non- Hispanic black mothers in the United States. Through simulation, we further demonstrate that falling mortality reduces 1𝑎0, while a reduction in premature births increases it. We use these observations to motivate the formulation of a new approximation formula for 1𝑎0 in low- mortality contexts, which is a function of both the infant mortality rate and the ratio of infant to under-five mortality. Model results and validation show that this model outperforms existing alternatives.

Translation of EU Food Law and Nutrient Reference Values Into Practice - the German Dietary Scheme for the First Year of Life

2020 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Hermann Kalhoff ◽  
Susanne Voss ◽  
Kathrin Jansen ◽  
Thomas Lücke
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
First Year ◽  
Food Law ◽  
Nutrient Reference Values ◽  
First Year Of Life

INFANT MORTALITY RATES FOR THE TOWN OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, IN 1782 AND 1783

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
True Index ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Town

The infant mortality rate for a single New England town for the years 1782 and 1783 cannot be used as a true index of this statistic for the 13 states which made up the United States during the 1780's. As we lack data concerning infant mortality for the country as a whole during this period, information about the mortality of infants in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, where all births were recorded, should be of interest to pediatricians. Doctor Edward A. Holyoke of Salem in a letter to Mr. Caleb Garnett, the Recording Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, gave these figures for the town of Salem: In 1782 there were 311 live-born infants and of these 36 died before they reached their first birthday, for an infant mortality rate of 115. In 1783 of 374 live-born infants, 38 died during their first year of life, for an infant mortality of 102. When one recalls that the rate for 1915 in the United States was 100, the infants, at least in Salem, did not fare too badly.

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