Thalamic and Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume Reduction in Synthetic Cannabinoids Users

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Nurmedov ◽  
Baris Metin ◽  
Sehadet Ekmen ◽  
Onur Noyan ◽  
Onat Yilmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Cerebellar Gray Matter ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

Background: Synthetic cannabinoids are compounds that bind cannabinoid receptors with a high potency and have been used widely in Europe by young people. However, little is known about the pharmacology and morphological effects of this group of substances in the brain. This study is aimed at investigating the morphological differences among synthetic cannabinoids users and healthy controls. Methods: Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate the differences in brain tissue composition in 20 patients with synthetic cannabinoids use and 20 healthy controls. All participants were male. Results: Compared to healthy controls, voxel of interest analyses showed that regional grey matter volume in both left and right thalamus and left cerebellum was significantly reduced in synthetic cannabinoids users (p < 0.05). No correlation has been found between the age of first cannabis use, duration of use, frequency of use and grey matter volume. Discussion: These preliminary results suggest an evidence of some structural differences in the brain of synthetic cannabinoids users, and point the need for further investigation of morphological effects of synthetic cannabinoids in the brain.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOTIC EPISODES ON GREY MATTER VOLUME CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonija Ružić Baršić ◽  
Gordana Rubeša ◽  
Diana Mance ◽  
Damir Miletić ◽  
Lea Gudelj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grey Matter ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe illness whose clinical course is characterized by various numbers of psychotic episodes (PE). The neurotoxic hypothesis (NH) of schizophrenia assumes that psychosis is biologically toxic. The aim of the study was to investigate whether schizophrenia patients (SP) with multiple PE have greater grey matter volume (GMV) reduction compared to SP with fewer PE.Subjects and methods: We enrolled 106 adult SP and 63 healthy controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected and statistically analysed for all included subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was acquired on a 1.5 T scanner. SP were grouped according to the number of PE into a group with up to 3 PE (SCHG-1) and with 4 or more PE (SCHG-2). SCHG-1 was further subdivided into two groups regarding to disease duration (DD). Voxel based morphometry (VBM) analyses were performed between SP groups as well as between SP groups and the healthy controls group (HCG).Results: No relevant GMV differences were detected between SP groups. Comparison between HCG and SCHG-1 showed only 3 regions with reduced GMV, while multiple regions with reduced GMV were detected when comparing HCG and SCHG-2. Conclusions: GMV reduction in schizophrenia varies depending on the number of PE when compared to HCG, regardless of disease duration (DD), but PE is not the only contributing factor that leads to neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomical correlates of different vulnerability states for psychosis and their clinical outcomes

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Koutsouleris ◽  
Gisela J. E. Schmitt ◽  
Christian Gaser ◽  
Ronald Bottlender ◽  
Johanna Scheuerecker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
At Risk Mental State

BackgroundStructural brain abnormalities have been described in individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis. However, the neuroanatomical underpinnings of the early and late at-risk mental state relative to clinical outcome remain unclear.AimsTo investigate grey matter volume abnormalities in participants in a putatively early or late at-risk mental state relative to their prospective clinical outcome.MethodVoxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance imaging data from 20 people with a putatively early at-risk mental state (ARMS–E group) and 26 people with a late at-risk mental state (ARMS–L group) as well as from 15 participants with at-risk mental states with subsequent disease transition (ARMS–T group) and 18 participants without subsequent disease transition (ARMS–NT group) were compared with 75 healthy volunteers.ResultsCompared with healthy controls, ARMS–L participants had grey matter volume losses in frontotemporolimbic structures. Participants in the ARMS–E group showed bilateral temporolimbic alterations and subtle prefrontal abnormalities. Participants in the ARMS–T group had prefrontal alterations relative to those in the ARMS–NT group and in the healthy controls that overlapped with the findings in the ARMS–L group.ConclusionsBrain alterations associated with the early at-risk mental state may relate to an elevated susceptibility to psychosis, whereas alterations underlying the late at-risk mental state may indicate a subsequent transition to psychosis.

scholarly journals Human brain anatomy reflects separable genetic and environmental components of socioeconomic status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeokmoon Kweon ◽  
Gokhan Aydogan ◽  
Alain Dagher ◽  
Danilo Bzdok ◽  
Christian C Ruff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Common Genetic Variation ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Brain

Recent studies report that socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with brain structure. Yet, such findings are variable and little is known about underlying causes. We present a well-powered voxel-based analysis of grey matter volume (GMV) across levels of SES, finding many small SES effects widely distributed across the brain, including cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions. We also construct a polygenic index of SES to control for the additive effects of common genetic variation related to SES, which attenuates observed SES-GMV relations, to different degrees in different areas. Remaining variance, which may be attributable to environmental factors, is substantially accounted for by body mass index, a marker for lifestyle related to SES. In sum, SES affects multiple brain regions through measurable genetic and environmental effects.

scholarly journals Effects of different intracranial volume correction methods on univariate sex differences in grey matter volume and multivariate sex prediction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Sanchis-Segura ◽  
Maria Victoria Ibañez-Gual ◽  
Naiara Aguirre ◽  
Álvaro Javier Cruz-Gómez ◽  
Cristina Forn
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Machine Learning Classifiers ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Gray Matter Volumes ◽  
Single Predictor

Abstract Sex differences in 116 local gray matter volumes (GMVOL) were assessed in 444 males and 444 females without correcting for total intracranial volume (TIV) or after adjusting the data with the scaling, proportions, power-corrected proportions (PCP), and residuals methods. The results confirmed that only the residuals and PCP methods completely eliminate TIV-variation and result in sex-differences that are “small” (∣d∣ < 0.3). Moreover, as assessed using a totally independent sample, sex differences in PCP and residuals adjusted-data showed higher replicability ($$\approx $$ ≈ 93%) than scaling and proportions adjusted-data $$( \approx $$ ( ≈ 68%) or raw data ($$\approx $$ ≈ 45%). The replicated effects were meta-analyzed together and confirmed that, when TIV-variation is adequately controlled, volumetric sex differences become “small” (∣d∣ < 0.3 in all cases). Finally, we assessed the utility of TIV-corrected/ TIV-uncorrected GMVOL features in predicting individuals’ sex with 12 different machine learning classifiers. Sex could be reliably predicted (> 80%) when using raw local GMVOL, but also when using scaling or proportions adjusted-data or TIV as a single predictor. Conversely, after properly controlling TIV variation with the PCP and residuals’ methods, prediction accuracy dropped to $$\approx $$ ≈ 60%. It is concluded that gross morphological differences account for most of the univariate and multivariate sex differences in GMVOL

scholarly journals Voxel-based morphometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
I. S. Bakulin ◽  
R. N. Konovalov ◽  
M. V. Krotenkova ◽  
N. A. Suponeva ◽  
M. N. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Objective:to investigate changes in grey matter volume in patients with classical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and lower motor neuron syndrome (LMNS) with voxel-based morphometry (VBM).Material and methods. 30 patients with classical ALS, 22 patients with LMNS and 23 age and gender matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent a T1MPR (multiplanar reconstruction) magnetic resonance imaging with post-processing included spatial normalization, segmentation and smoothing. VBM was used to investigate changes in grey matter volume across the groups.Results. There was a significant decrease in grey matter volume of middle part of left pre- and postcentral gyri, middle part of right precentral gyrus, right and left occipital lobes in patients with classical ALS compared to healthy subjects. There was no difference in grey matter volume between patients with LMNS and healthy controls. Patients with classical ALS showed a significant decrease in grey matter volume of middle part of left preand postcentral gyri, upper part of left precentral gyrus, middle and upper parts of right precentral gyrus, right and left occipital lobes compared to patients with LMNS. There was no significant correlation between grey matter volume and clinical findings in patients with ALS and LMNS.Conclusion.VBM reveals a decrease in grey matter volume of motor and nonmotor brain regions in patients with classical ALS, but not in patients with LMNS.

scholarly journals Causal effects of atrial fibrillation on brain white and gray matter volume: a Mendelian randomization study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sehoon Park ◽  
Soojin Lee ◽  
Yaerim Kim ◽  
Semin Cho ◽  
Kwangsoo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and brain volume loss are prevalent in older individuals. We aimed to assess the causal effect of atrial fibrillation on brain volume phenotypes by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods The genetic instrument for AF was constructed from a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis (15,993 AF patients and 113,719 controls of European ancestry). The outcome summary statistics for head-size-normalized white or gray matter volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging were provided by a previous GWAS of 33,224 white British participants in the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR by the inverse variance–weighted method was performed, supported by pleiotropy-robust MR sensitivity analysis. The causal estimates for the effect of AF on ischemic stroke were also investigated in a dataset that included the findings from the MEGASTROKE study (34,217 stroke patients and 406,111 controls of European ancestry). The direct effects of AF on brain volume phenotypes adjusted for the mediating effect of ischemic stroke were studied by multivariable MR. Results A higher genetic predisposition for AF was significantly associated with lower grey matter volume [beta −0.040, standard error (SE) 0.017, P=0.017], supported by pleiotropy-robust MR sensitivity analysis. Significant causal estimates were identified for the effect of AF on ischemic stroke (beta 0.188, SE 0.026, P=1.03E−12). The total effect of AF on lower brain grey matter volume was attenuated by adjusting for the effect of ischemic stroke (direct effects, beta −0.022, SE 0.033, P=0.528), suggesting that ischemic stroke is a mediator of the identified causal pathway. The causal estimates were nonsignificant for effects on brain white matter volume as an outcome. Conclusions This study identified that genetic predisposition for AF is significantly associated with lower gray matter volume but not white matter volume. The results indicated that the identified total effect of AF on gray matter volume may be mediated by ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Structural magnetic resonance imaging in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, psychotic and severe non-psychotic depression and healthy controls

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (S43) ◽  
pp. s58-s65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. R. Salokangas ◽  
T. Cannon ◽  
T. Van Erp ◽  
T. Ilonen ◽  
T. Taiminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Psychotic Depression ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia

BackgroundStructural brain abnormalities are prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders.AimsTo study how regional brain volumes and their ratios differ between patients with schizophrenia, psychotic depression, severe non-psychotic depression and healthy controls.MethodMagnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain on first-episode patients and on healthy controls.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia had a smaller left frontal grey matter volume than the other three groups. Patients with psychotic depression had larger ventricular and posterior sulcal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes than controls. Patients with depression had larger white matter volumes than the other patients.ConclusionsLeft frontal lobe, especially its grey matter volume, seems to be specifically reduced in first-episode schizophrenia. Enlarged cerebral ventricles and sulcal CSF volumes are prevalent in psychotic depression. Preserved or expanded white matter is typical of non-psychotic depression.

scholarly journals Exploring the neuroanatomical bases of psychotic features in bipolar disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Maggioni ◽  
A. C. Altamura ◽  
P. Brambilla
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Psychotic Features

Although bipolar disorder (BD) is traditionally conceptualised as one diagnostic entity, the heterogeneity of pathophysiological manifestations in BD suggests the need to classify the subtypes of the illness based on neural markers. Specifically, the presence of psychotic symptoms seems to be relevant for the clinical outcome and may have specific neuroanatomical bases. The main objective of the present review was to assess whether the distinction between psychotic BD (PBD) and non-psychotic BD (NPBD) can improve the identification of the neurobiological markers of this complex illness. To this end, we summarised the findings from the magnetic resonance imaging studies that explored the cerebral correlates of psychosis in BD in terms of grey matter volume (GMV). Overall, the results suggest the presence of peculiar GMV differences between PBD and NPBD. Specifically, psychosis in BD seems to be associated with cortical GMV deficits compared with both healthy controls and NPBD, mainly in the frontal region. Conversely, NPBD patients showed GMV deficits in selective regions of the basal ganglia when compared with the other groups. Taken together, this evidence confirms the importance to classify BD based on the psychotic dimension, which may have a specific neurobiological architecture that partially overlaps across multiple psychotic disorders.

scholarly journals The Plastic Adaptation to Pathology in Psychiatry. Are Patients with Psychiatric Disorders Pathological Experts?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Amad ◽  
Paul Expert ◽  
Louis-David Lord ◽  
Thomas Fovet ◽  
Pierre A. Geoffroy
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Framework

Psychiatric disorders share the same pattern of longitudinal evolution and have courses that tend to be chronic and recurrent. These aspects of chronicity and longitudinal evolution of psychiatric disorders are currently studied under the neuroprogression framework. Interestingly, considering the plasticity of the brain, it is necessary to emphasize the bidirectional nature of neuroprogression. We review evidence highlighting alterations of the brain associated with the longitudinal evolution of psychiatric disorders from the framework of neuroplastic adaptation to pathology. This new framework highlights that substantial plasticity and remodelling may occur beyond the classic neuroprogressive framework, which is characterized only by loss of grey matter volume, decreased brain connectivity, and chronic inflammation. We also integrate the brain economy concept in the neuroplastic adaptation to pathology framework, emphasizing that to preserve its economy, i.e., function, the brain learns how to cope with the disease by adapting its architecture. This approach can disentangle both the specific pathophysiology of psychiatric symptoms and the adaptation to pathology, thus offering a new framework for both diagnosis and treatment.

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