Regulatory Gut Peptides and Gastrointestinal Transit

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

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An easy and low-cost biomagnetic methodology to study regional gastrointestinal transit in rats

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik ◽

10.1515/bmt-2020-0202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Leonardo Pinto ◽

Guilherme Soares ◽

André Próspero ◽

Erick Stoppa ◽

Gabriel Biasotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Alternate Current ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Reliable Assessment ◽

Imaging Approach ◽

Magnetic Tracer ◽

Tracer Distribution ◽

Gi Transit

Abstract The identification of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders requires the evaluation of regional GI transit, and the development of alternative methodologies in animals has a significant impact on translational approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate an easy and low-cost methodology (alternate current biosusceptometry – ACB) for the assessment of regional GI transit in rats through images. Rats were fed a test meal containing magnetic tracer and phenol red, and GI segments (stomach, proximal, medial and distal small intestine, and cecum) were collected to assess tracer’s retention at distinct times after ingestion (0, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min). Images were obtained by scanning the segments, and phenol red concentration was determined by the sample’s absorbance. The temporal retention profile, geometric center, gastric emptying, and cecum arrival were evaluated. The correlation coefficient between methods was 0.802, and the temporal retention of each segment was successfully assessed. GI parameters yielded comparable results between methods, and ACB images presented advantages as the possibility to visualize intrasegmental tracer distribution and the automated scan of the segments. The imaging approach provided a reliable assessment of several parameters simultaneously and may serve as an accurate and sensitive approach for regional GI research in rats.

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“Masato de Yuca” and “Chicha de Siete Semillas” Two Traditional Vegetable Fermented Beverages from Peru as Source for the Isolation of Potential Probiotic Bacteria

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins ◽

10.1007/s12602-021-09836-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Teresa D. Rebaza-Cardenas ◽

Kenneth Silva-Cajaleón ◽

Carlos Sabater ◽

Susana Delgado ◽

Nilda D. Montes-Villanueva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Intestinal Cell ◽

Adhesion Ability ◽

Intestinal Cell Line ◽

Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽

Traditional Vegetable ◽

Genetic Profiles

AbstractIn this work, two Peruvian beverages “Masato de Yuca,” typical of the Amazonian communities made from cassava (Manihot esculenta), and “Chicha de Siete Semillas,” made from different cereal, pseudo-cereal, and legume flours, were explored for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria after obtaining the permission of local authorities following Nagoya protocol. From an initial number of 33 isolates, 16 strains with different RAPD- and REP-PCR genetic profiles were obtained. In Chicha, all strains were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum), whereas in Masato, in addition to this species, Limosilactobacillus fermentum (formerly Lactobacillus fermentum), Pediococcus acidilactici, and Weissella confusa were also identified. Correlation analysis carried out with their carbohydrate fermentation patterns and enzymatic profiles allowed a clustering of the lactobacilli separated from the other genera. Finally, the 16 strains were submitted to a static in vitro digestion (INFOGEST model) that simulated the gastrointestinal transit. Besides, their ability to adhere to the human epithelial intestinal cell line HT29 was also determined. Following both procedures, the best probiotic candidate was Lac. plantarum Ch13, a robust strain able to better face the challenging conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and showing higher adhesion ability to the intestinal epithelium in comparison with the commercial probiotic strain 299v. In order to characterize its benefit for human health, this Ch13 strain will be deeply studied in further works.

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The Gut–Brain Axis and Its Role in Controlling Eating Behavior in Intestinal Inflammation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 981

Author(s):

Gordon William Moran ◽

Gita Thapaliya

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Cognitive Factors ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Gut Peptides ◽

Future Health ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Inflammatory Burden

Malnutrition represents a major problem in the clinical management of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Presently, our understanding of the cross-link between eating behavior and intestinal inflammation is still in its infancy. Crohn’s disease patients with active disease exhibit strong hedonic desires for food and emotional eating patterns possibly to ameliorate feelings of low mood, anxiety, and depression. Impulsivity traits seen in IBD patients may predispose them to palatable food intake as an immediate reward rather than concerns for future health. The upregulation of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) peptide response to food intake has been described in ileal inflammation, which may lead to alterations in gut–brain signaling with implications for appetite and eating behavior. In summary, a complex interplay of gut peptides, psychological, cognitive factors, disease-related symptoms, and inflammatory burden may ultimately govern eating behavior in intestinal inflammation.

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