Embryonic Development in Cohen Diabetic Rats: A Comparison with Human and Animal Studies

2015 ◽  
pp. 101-121
Author(s):  
A. Ornoy ◽  
I. Zusman
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diabetic Rats

scholarly journals Alteration of Genomic Imprinting after Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Long-Term Health

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 728
Author(s):  
Eguzkine Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
The Impact

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are the treatment of choice for some infertile couples and even though these procedures are generally considered safe, children conceived by ART have shown higher reported risks of some perinatal and postnatal complications such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and childhood cancer. In addition, the frequency of some congenital imprinting disorders, like Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome and Silver–Russell Syndrome, is higher than expected in the general population after ART. Experimental evidence from animal studies suggests that ART can induce stress in the embryo and influence gene expression and DNA methylation. Human epigenome studies have generally revealed an enrichment of alterations in imprinted regions in children conceived by ART, but no global methylation alterations. ART procedures occur simultaneously with the establishment and maintenance of imprinting during embryonic development, so this may underlie the apparent sensitivity of imprinted regions to ART. The impact in adulthood of imprinting alterations that occurred during early embryonic development is still unclear, but some experimental evidence in mice showed higher risk to obesity and cardiovascular disease after the restriction of some imprinted genes in early embryonic development. This supports the hypothesis that imprinting alterations in early development might induce epigenetic programming of metabolism and affect long-term health. Given the growing use of ART, it is important to determine the impact of ART in genomic imprinting and long-term health.

scholarly journals L-cysteine Supplementation Increases Blood Levels of Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitrite, and Decreases Insulin Resistance and Vascular Inflammation in Zucker Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 405-405
Author(s):  
Sushil Jain
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Zdf Rats

Abstract Objectives Diabetic patients have lower blood levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro and in animal studies. This study examined the hypothesis that supplementation with L-cysteine, an endogenous precursor of H2S increases blood levels of H2S and lowers insulin resistance and vascular inflammation biomarkers in type 2 diabetes using Zucker diabetic (ZDF) rats as a model. Methods Starting at age of 6 weeks, ZDF rats were supplemented orally, daily gavages for 8 weeks with saline-placebo (D, n = 8) or L-cysteine (LC, n = 12, 1 mg/kg BW) and fed a high calorie diet. 6 weeks age rats without any supplementation were considered baseline (BL) rats. Results Fasting blood levels of D rats showed lower H2S and elevated HGb, MCP-1 and insulin resistance when compared with baseline in which there was no onset of diabetes. LC supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased blood levels of H2S (37%), and NO2 (30%) and lowered levels of GHb (9%), MCP-1 (31%), TNF (31%) and HOMA insulin resistance (25%) compared with levels seen in saline supplemented D. The blood levels of GHb and IR showed a significant correlation (P < 0.05) with concentrations of H2S and nitrite in LC-supplemented ZDF rats. Conclusions This shows that L-cysteine supplementation can increase levels of H2S and NO2 in diabetic animal model, and needs to be validated as an adjuvant therapy for the reduction of vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in the diabetic patient population. Funding Sources This study was supported by the NCCIH.

Diminished PGE2 content, enhanced PGE2 release and defects in 3H-PGE2 transport in embryos from overtly diabetic rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Jawerbaum ◽  
Elida T. Gonzalez ◽  
Débora Sinner ◽  
Carolina Pustovrh ◽  
Verónica White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Pge2 Release ◽  
Uptake And Release

Diminished PGE2 levels in diabetic embryos are related to the development of malformations, and thus the aim of the present study was to determine whether PGE2 levels are modified in rat embryos cultured in diabetic serum during organogenesis, and if PGE2 content and release, and 3H-PGE2 uptake and release, are altered in incubated diabetic embryos. Rats were made diabetic by steptozotocin (60 mg kg–1) before mating. Control rat embryos cultured for 24 h (explantation Day 9) in the presence of diabetic serum showed diminished PGE2 levels. When Day 10 diabetic embryos were incubated, embryo PGE2 levels were lower, but the PGE2 released to the incubation media was much higher than in controls. Uptake of 3H-PGE2 by diabetic embryos was initially enhanced (5–10 min), then reached similar levels to controls (20–100 min). Release of 3H-PGE2 previously incorporated during a 60-min incubation was greater in diabetic embryos than in controls. These results show diminished PGE2 content in both diabetic and normal embryos cultured in the presence of diabetic serum, but suggest that diabetic embryos have the capability to produce and release high levels of PGE2. The enhanced release of PGE2 is probably the result of transport abnormalities, and leads to the elevated PGE2 concentrations found in the incubating medium and to the diminished intraembryonic PGE2 levels that alter embryonic development.

scholarly journals Biological Properties and Uses of Honey: A Concise Scientific review

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Yahya Ali Alqadhi ◽  
Bhalchandra Waykar ◽  
Sujaya De ◽  
Amitava Pal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Medicinal Properties

The global prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer and Alzheimer's disease is on the rise. These diseases constitute the major causes of death globally. Honey is a natural substance with many medicinal properties such as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, reproductive, and antihypertensive and antioxidant. This review presents findings that indicate honey may ameliorate oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), liver, pancreas, kidney, reproductive organs and plasma/serum. Besides, the review highlights data that demonstrate the synergistic antioxidant effect of honey and antidiabetic drugs in the pancreas, kidney, and serum of diabetic rats. These data suggest that honey, administered alone or in combination with conventional therapy, might be a novel antioxidant in the management of chronic diseases commonly associated with oxidative stress. In view of the fact that the majority of these data emanate from animal studies, there is an urgent need to investigate this antioxidant effect of honey in human subjects with chronic or degenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Metabolic Disturbances and Defects in Insulin Secretion in Rats With Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetes

2013 ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. SZKUDELSKI ◽  
A. ZYWERT ◽  
K. SZKUDELSKA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Mild Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Secretory Response

Rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA) are often used in animal studies concerning various aspects of diabetes. In this experimental model, the severity of diabetes is different depending on doses of STZ and NA. Moreover, diabetic changes in rats with STZ-NA-induced diabetes are not fully characterized. In our present study, metabolic changes and insulin secretion were investigated in rats with diabetes induced by administration of 60 mg of STZ and 90 mg of NA per kg body weight. Four to six weeks after diabetes induction, insulin, glucagon and some metabolic parameters were determined to evaluate the severity of diabetes. Moreover, insulin secretory capacity of pancreatic islets isolated from control and diabetic rats was compared. It was demonstrated that administration of 60 mg of STZ and 90 mg of NA per kg body weight induced relatively mild diabetes, since insulin, glucagon and other analyzed parameters were only slightly affected in diabetic rats compared with control animals. In vitro studies revealed that insulin secretory response was preserved in pancreatic islets of diabetic rats, however, was lower than in islets of control animals. This effect was observed in the presence of different stimuli. Insulin secretion induced by 6.7 and 16.7 mmol/l glucose was moderately reduced in islets of diabetic rats compared with control islets. In the presence of leucine with glutamine, insulin secretion appeared to be also decreased in islets of rats with STZ-NA-induced diabetes. Insulinotropic action of 6.7 mmol/l glucose with forskolin was also deteriorated in diabetic islets. Moreover, it was demonstrated that at a non-stimulatory glucose, pharmacological depolarization of plasma membrane with a concomitant activation of protein kinase C evoked significant rise in insulin release in islets of control and diabetic rats. However, in diabetic islets, this effect was attenuated. These results indicate that impairment in insulin secretion in pancreatic islets of rats with mild diabetes induced by STZ and NA results from both metabolic and nonmetabolic disturbances in these islets.

scholarly journals Modelling of Epithelial Growth, Fission and Lumen Formation During Embryonic Thyroid Development: A Combination of Computational and Experimental Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leolo Gonay ◽  
Catherine Spourquet ◽  
Matthieu Baudoin ◽  
Ludovic Lepers ◽  
Pascale Lemoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Lumen Formation ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development leading to the formation of fully functional organs. In the case of the thyroid, organogenesis starts from the endoderm and generates a multitude of closely packed independent spherical follicular units surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. Follicular organisation is unique and essential for thyroid function, i.e. thyroid hormone production. Previous in vivo studies showed that, besides their nutritive function, endothelial cells play a central role during thyroid gland morphogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms and biological parameters controlling the transformation of the multi-layered thyroid epithelial primordium into a multitude of single-layered follicles are mostly unknown. Animal studies used to improve understanding of organogenesis are costly and time-consuming, with recognised limitations. Here, we developed and used a 2-D vertex model of thyroid growth, angiogenesis and folliculogenesis, within the open-source Chaste framework. Our in silico model, based on in vivo images, correctly simulates the differential growth and proliferation of central and peripheral epithelial cells, as well as the morphogen-driven migration of endothelial cells, consistently with our experimental data. Our simulations further showed that reduced epithelial cell adhesion was critical to allow endothelial invasion and fission of the multi-layered epithelial mass. Finally, our model also allowed epithelial cell polarisation and follicular lumen formation by endothelial cell abundance and proximity. Our study illustrates how constant discussion between theoretical and experimental approaches can help us to better understand the roles of cellular movement, adhesion and polarisation during thyroid embryonic development. We anticipate that the use of in silico models like the one we describe can push forward the fields of developmental biology and regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals The Outcomes of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Periodontal Regeneration under Diabetic Conditions

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1071
Author(s):  
Laura Elena Narita ◽  
Alexandru Mester ◽  
Florin Onisor ◽  
Simion Bran ◽  
Maria Ioana Onicas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enamel Matrix Derivative ◽  
Regenerative Therapy ◽  
Enamel Matrix ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Infrabony Defects ◽  
Matrix Derivative

Background and Objectives: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a biomaterial used for periodontal regenerative therapy due to its properties of stimulating cementum development and bone synthesis. Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects healing and predisposes to infection. The aim of this review was to evaluate the current studies available on the application and results of EMD for periodontal regenerative therapy under diabetic conditions. Materials and Methods: Five databases (PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant articles, using specific keywords in different combinations. The inclusion criteria were clinical trials, case reports, case studies, and animal studies published in English, where periodontal treatment for bone defects includes EMD, and it is performed under diabetic conditions. Results: Of the 310 articles resulted in search, five studies published between 2012 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the current review. In human studies, the use of EMD in infrabony defects showed favorable results at follow-up. In animal studies, periodontal regeneration was reduced in diabetic rats. Conclusions: EMD might promote bone healing when used under diabetic conditions for the regenerative periodontal therapy. Due to limited number of studies, more data are required to sustain the effects of EMD therapy in diabetic settings.

scholarly journals Prostaglandins and their role at early stages of embryonic development (review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
N. A. Ishutina ◽  
I. A. Andrievskaya
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Aim. A brief analysis of scientific publications on the role of prostaglandins at early stages of embryonic development has been carried out.Results. In the process of studying the literature data, both national and, for the most part, foreign authors, the role of prostaglandins was established as paracrine factors involved in an increase in vascular permeability and angiogenesis, mediating the effect of gonads and the expression of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin) during implantation and decidualization. The effects of prostaglandins on the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the uterus are described. The role of prostaglandins in the transportation of gametes and embryos is shown. Information on the role of prostaglandins in the growth and development of blastocysts, as well as trophoblast invasion, is presented.Conclusion. The understanding of the role of prostaglandins at the early stages of embryonic development is far from complete. Despite active research in this direction, scientists still have many questions regarding the mechanisms of action, the functions of prostaglandins at the initial stages of embryogenesis. Most of the information has come from animal studies, mainly rodents. Therefore, to further study the mechanisms underlying the diverse action of prostaglandins on multiple processes of embryogenesis, it is necessary to carry out additional studies in humans. 

Sites of Insulin Action Using Ferritin Labeling

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver ◽  
Ronald S. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Insulin Antibody ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Uranium Salts ◽  
Sugar Levels

Some investigators feel that insulin does not enter cells but exerts its influence in some manner on the cell surface. Ferritin labeling of insulin and insulin antibody was used to determine if binding sites of insulin to specific target organs could be seen with electron microscopy.Alloxanized rats were considered diabetic if blood sugar levels were in excess of 300 mg %. Test reagents included ferritin, ferritin labeled insulin, and ferritin labeled insulin antibody. Target organs examined were were diaphragm, kidney, gastrocnemius, fat pad, liver and anterior pituitary. Reagents were administered through the left common carotid. Survival time was at least one hour in test animals. Tissue incubation studies were also done in normal as well as diabetic rats. Specimens were fixed in gluteraldehyde and osmium followed by staining with lead and uranium salts. Some tissues were not stained.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

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