Molecular Regulation of Lymphotoxin Gene Expression

2015 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Nancy H. Ruddle ◽  
Nina L. Paul ◽  
Sarah J. Fashena ◽  
Katherine M. McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Regulation

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera during grape berry development

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Bais ◽  
Peter J. Murphy ◽  
Ian B. Dry
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Uv Induction ◽  
Phytoalexin Biosynthesis

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in developing Vitis vinifera L. grape berries was investigated using a UV induction system. Berries were collected at 1, 5, 10 and 16 weeks post-flowering from the cultivars Shiraz, Semillon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay and the skins analysed for resveratrol production following irradiation with UV-C light. The rate and maximal level of resveratrol accumulation increased markedly in berries sampled from 1–5 weeks post-flowering and then dramatically declined in maturing berries sampled from 10–16 weeks post-flowering in all cultivars. In berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, maximal levels of resveratrol accumulation were recorded at incubation periods of 24 and 48 h respectively whereas maximal resveratrol levels were not recorded in week 16 berry skins until 72 h after UV-treatment. Gene expression analysis indicated that stilbene synthase (STS) mRNA accumulated within 4–8 h of UV treatment in berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, but did not increase in week 16 berries until 24–48 h following UV-irradiation. Furthermore, the overall level of STS gene expression declined in berries sampled 10–16 weeks post-flowering. The results demonstrate that inducible stilbene accumulation in ripening grape berries is highly regulated at the level of STS gene transcription. This decline in inducible STS gene expression may be a major factor contributing to the increased susceptibility of ripening grape berries to Botrytis cinerea infection.

scholarly journals The Landscape of Gene Expression and Molecular Regulation Following Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Yu ◽  
Chun Yao ◽  
Yongjun Wang ◽  
Susu Mao ◽  
Yaxian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Spinal Cord Hemisection

scholarly journals Molecular Regulation of Paused Pluripotency in Early Mammalian Embryos and Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera A. van der Weijden ◽  
Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Embryonic Diapause ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Mammalian Embryos

The energetically costly mammalian investment in gestation and lactation requires plentiful nutritional sources and thus links the environmental conditions to reproductive success. Flexibility in adjusting developmental timing enhances chances of survival in adverse conditions. Over 130 mammalian species can reversibly pause early embryonic development by switching to a near dormant state that can be sustained for months, a phenomenon called embryonic diapause. Lineage-specific cells are retained during diapause, and they proliferate and differentiate upon activation. Studying diapause thus reveals principles of pluripotency and dormancy and is not only relevant for development, but also for regeneration and cancer. In this review, we focus on the molecular regulation of diapause in early mammalian embryos and relate it to maintenance of potency in stem cells in vitro. Diapause is established and maintained by active rewiring of the embryonic metabolome, epigenome, and gene expression in communication with maternal tissues. Herein, we particularly discuss factors required at distinct stages of diapause to induce, maintain, and terminate dormancy.

Environmental and molecular regulation of methanogenesis

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Reeve ◽  
Roderick M. Morgan ◽  
Jörk Nölling
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Anaerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Fed Batch ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Hydrogen plays a central role in regulating the anaerobic biodegradation of organic materials to carbon dioxide and methane. At an intermediate stage, alcohols and fatty acids are fermented to acetate, CO2 and H2. Methanogens consume this H2, gaining energy by reducing CO2 and the CH3-moieties of methanol, methylamines and acetate to CH4, and growing by assimilating these same substrates into biomass. There are seven biochemical steps in the H2-dependent pathway of CO2 reduction to CH4 in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, a very common inhabitant of anaerobic digestors, several of which can be catalyzed by more than one enzyme. The choice of which enzyme is synthesized and therefore used in methanogenesis is determined by the availability of H2. With high H2 availability, M. thermoautotrophicum cells grow rapidly but their overall growth yield (YCH4; biomass synthesized per mole of CH4 synthesized) is lower than for cells growing more slowly under H2-limited conditions. Experiments are reported that document the relationships between H2 availability, alternative methane gene expression and growth yield, and that demonstrate H2-dependent reversible switching between rapid, relatively inefficient growth and slower more efficient growth. This switch is controlled by the mixing rate of the impeller in fed-batch fermentors sparged with CO2 and H2.

scholarly journals Molecular regulation of fetal brain development in pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Monica P. Strawn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Fetal Brain Development ◽  
The Brain

Two experiments were conducted to investigate molecular regulation that impacts fetal brain development in pigs. In the first experiment (Chapter 2), gene expression was profiled by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the whole transcriptome of the male (M) and female (F) fetal brain at gestation day (d) 45, 60 and 90. The analysis showed fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain of male and female fetuses in earlier gestation (d45-d60) when compared to late gestation (d60-d90). The homeobox (HOX) A5 gene that regulates pattern formation in early development was in the top upregulated DEGs between d45 to d60 in fetuses of both sexes. This study also found HOX B5 and D3 genes were in the top upregulated genes between d45 and d60 of the fetal brain of females, but not males. The second experiment (Chapter 3) investigated DNA methylation in pigs. DNA methylation in the fetal brain of both sexes at the same three gestation days was performed by enzymatic methyl sequencing (EM-seq). Hotspots of methylation in specific chromosomal regions were observed in the analysis. The analysis identified 1,475 sites in the pig genome that were methylated in the fetal brain, irrespective of sex, during development. The same sites were methylated in a canonically correlated manner in the blood of the adult stage, both in sows and boars. This is consistent with the Dilman theory of developmental aging (DevAge), which suggests that aging and early development of the brain are regulated by common molecular processes. A comparative analysis (Chapter 4) compared the gene expression patterns in the fetal brain and placenta between pigs and mice. The analysis identified 112 genes that were expressed (mean FPKM > 10) in the fetal brain of both species but not expressed (mean FPKM < 1) in the placenta of either species, and 10 genes that were expressed in the placenta of both species but not expressed in the fetal brain. In-silico analysis of the transcription factor binding sites in the 500 bp of the upstream DNA of these common genes revealed that they were commonly regulated by the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which is a multifaceted transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of neurogenesis as well as controls neural excitation and the aging processes.

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