The Influence of Hyperventilation on Caloric and Optokinetic Responses in Normal and Pathological Subjects1

2015 ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Modugno ◽  
S. Marcellini ◽  
A. Pirodda ◽  
E. Pirodda
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Responses

Optokinetic Responses of the Crab, Carcinus to a Single Moving Light

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Intermittent Light ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Dark Room

1. A crab in an otherwise dark room will stabilize its eye position by reference to a single small light, so long as the illumination at the eye exceeds about 0.0003 lux. 2. The eye movements follow the movements of the light. 3. Responses to a light moving in a horizontal plane resemble those to a striped drum, but at lower percentage following. 4. Apparent motion is an effective stimulus; with intermittent light the response is reduced. If there is a period of complete darkness after the first light the subsequent movement, when the second light comes on, is slower for longer dark periods. 5. The crab learns, after some repetitions, to discriminate between a continuous light and an intermittent one, as shown by its eventually stabilizing them at different points on its retina.

Adaptation and other Phenomena in the Optokinetic Response of the Crab, Carcinus

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-295
Author(s):  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Visual Stabilization ◽  
Frequency Components

1. Adaptation to oscillatory stimuli is significant in the range 1-10/sec., for angular amplitudes of about 1°. The mechanism for perception of slow components remains unchanged when that to fast components is eliminated by adaptation. 2. Spontaneous leg movements are accompanied by a temporary increase in gain, showing a central control of the gain. 3. All eye movements are in two dimensions and components in the vertical plane appear similar to those in the horizontal plane, except that in the vertical plane the maximum range is over about 5° and there is no fast return phase. 4. The eye position is less stable in the dark. A single small light giving 0.0003 lux is sufficient to remove low-frequency components from the spontaneous eye movements 5. An imposed tremor of amplitude 0.2-2.0° and period 1-10 sec. is sufficient to make stationary stripes, which would otherwise be ineffective, have an inhibitory effect on movements of the other eye. 6. A new form of arthropod eye movement, saccadic flicks, can be a sign of arousal and attention. 7. Optokinetic responses are a consequence of the visual stabilization of the eye.

Retinotopic hemodynamic activation of the human V5/MT area during optokinetic responses

Neuroreport ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3891-3895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kansaku ◽  
Kouki Hashimoto ◽  
Shigeru Muraki ◽  
Kenichiro Miura ◽  
Toshimitsu Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optokinetic Responses

Optokinetic Oculomotor Responses and the Perception of Depth from Motion Parallax Cues

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 104-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Mestre ◽  
G S Masson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Oculomotor Responses ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

In a series of experiments we studied the relationships between the characteristics of optokinetic oculomotor responses triggered spontaneously by large-field visual motion and the perception of depth from motion parallax cues. Random-dot dynamic displays were projected at 60 Hz frame rate. Oculomotor behaviour was monitored with an infrared device. Subjects were asked to identify the spatial structure specified by optical motion and their responses were recorded with a mouse device. Results were as follows: (1) In all cases optokinetic responses are triggered when subjects are presented with visual displays specifying either a single surface, many surfaces or a cloud of dots receding in depth. (2) The velocity of slow phases of the optokinetic nystagmus changes from matching the average velocity of a display in early phases after the onset of a stimulation to slowing down to the slowest velocity in the display, for a small number of surfaces specified by motion parallax cues. (3) Structure-from-motion is correctly detected by subjects with long detection times (between 1 and 2 s). The comparison between the slow build-up of depth perception and the slow decrease of eye pursuit velocity provides further support for the hypothesis that the control of optokinetic eye movements and the perception of depth from visual motion share common pathways up to higher cortical levels of visual processing.

scholarly journals Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Sugita ◽  
Haruka Yamamoto ◽  
Yamato Maeda ◽  
Takahisa Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Optokinetic Responses

The decline in visual function due to normal aging impacts various aspects of our daily lives. Previous reports suggest that the aging retina exhibits mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals and reduced amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in mice. These abnormalities are thought to contribute to age-related visual impairment; however, the extent to which visual function is impaired by aging at the organismal level is unclear. In the present study, we focus on the age-related changes of the optokinetic responses (OKRs) in visual processing. Moreover, we investigated the initial and late phases of the OKRs in young adult (2–3 months old) and aging mice (21–24 months old). The initial phase was evaluated by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of OKRs using sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies (SFs) and moving at various temporal frequencies (TFs) for 0.5 s. The aging mice exhibited initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning that was slightly different from those in young adult mice. The late-phase OKRs were investigated by measuring the slow-phase velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus evoked by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that optimal SF and TF in the normal aging mice are both reduced compared with those in young adult mice. In addition, we measured the OKRs of 4.1G-null (4.1G–/–) mice, in which mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals is observed even at the young adult stage. We found that the late phase OKR was significantly impaired in 4.1G–/– mice, which exhibit significantly reduced SF and TF compared with control mice. These OKR abnormalities observed in 4.1G–/– mice resemble the abnormalities found in normal aging mice. This finding suggests that these mice can be useful mouse models for studying the aging of the retinal tissue and declining visual function. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that normal aging deteriorates to visual motion processing for both the initial and late phases of OKRs. Moreover, it implies that the abnormalities of the visual function in the normal aging mice are at least partly due to mislocalization of photoreceptor synapses.

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