Optokinetic Oculomotor Responses and the Perception of Depth from Motion Parallax Cues

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 104-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Mestre ◽  
G S Masson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Optokinetic Responses ◽  
Oculomotor Responses ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pursuit Velocity

In a series of experiments we studied the relationships between the characteristics of optokinetic oculomotor responses triggered spontaneously by large-field visual motion and the perception of depth from motion parallax cues. Random-dot dynamic displays were projected at 60 Hz frame rate. Oculomotor behaviour was monitored with an infrared device. Subjects were asked to identify the spatial structure specified by optical motion and their responses were recorded with a mouse device. Results were as follows: (1) In all cases optokinetic responses are triggered when subjects are presented with visual displays specifying either a single surface, many surfaces or a cloud of dots receding in depth. (2) The velocity of slow phases of the optokinetic nystagmus changes from matching the average velocity of a display in early phases after the onset of a stimulation to slowing down to the slowest velocity in the display, for a small number of surfaces specified by motion parallax cues. (3) Structure-from-motion is correctly detected by subjects with long detection times (between 1 and 2 s). The comparison between the slow build-up of depth perception and the slow decrease of eye pursuit velocity provides further support for the hypothesis that the control of optokinetic eye movements and the perception of depth from visual motion share common pathways up to higher cortical levels of visual processing.

scholarly journals Limits of subjective and objective vection for ultra-high frame rate visual displays

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séamas Weech ◽  
Sophie Kenny ◽  
Claudia Martin Calderon ◽  
Michael Barnett-Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Optic Flow ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Postural Responses

AbstractLarge-field optic flow generates the illusory percept of self-motion, termed ‘vection’. Smoother visual motion displays generate a more compelling subjective sense of vection and objective postural responses, as well as a greater sense of immersiveness for the user observing the visual display. Research suggests that the function linking frame rate and vection asymptotes at 60 frames per second (FPS), but previous studies have used only moderate frame rates that do not approach the limits of human perception. Here, we measure vection using subjective and objective (mean frequency and path length of postural centre-of-pressure (COP) excursions) responses following the presentation of high-contrast optic flow stimuli at slow and fast speeds and low and ultra-high frame rates. We achieve this using a novel rendering method implemented with a projector capable of sub-millisecond temporal resolution in order to simulate refresh rates ranging from very low (15 FPS) to ultra-high frame rates (480 FPS). The results suggest that subjective vection was experienced most strongly at 60 FPS. Below and above 60 FPS, subjective vection is generally weaker, shorter, and starts later, although this pattern varied slightly according to the speed of stimuli. For objective measures, while the frequency of postural sway was unaffected by frame rate, COP path length was greatest for 480 FPS stimuli. Together, our results support diminishing returns for vection above 60 FPS and provide insight into the use of high frame rate for enhancing the user experience in visual displays.

scholarly journals Directional selectivity and its use in early visual processing

1981 ◽  
Vol 211 (1183) ◽  
pp. 151-180 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Zero Crossings ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Local Direction ◽  
Zero Values

The construction of directionally selective units, and their use in the processing of visual motion, are considered. The zero crossings of ∇ 2 G(x, y) ∗ I(x, y) are located, as in Marr & Hildreth (1980). That is, the image is filtered through centre-surround receptive fields, and the zero values in the output are found. In addition, the time derivative ∂[∇ 2 G(x, y) ∗ l(x, y) ]/∂ t is measured at the zero crossings, and serves to constrain the local direction of motion to within 180°. The direction of motion can be determined in a second stage, for example by combining the local constraints. The second part of the paper suggests a specific model of the information processing by the X and Y cells of the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, and certain classes of cortical simple cells. A number of psychophysical and neurophysiological predictions are derived from the theory.

Contour Interaction in Visual Space

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Robert Fox
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Random Element ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Depth Position ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Contour Interaction ◽  
Inhibitory Interactions

Virtually all the extensive research on inhibitory interactions among adjacent visual stimuli seen in such phenomena as simultaneous contrast and visual masking have employed situations in which the interacting stimulus elements occupy the same depth plane, i.e., the z-axis values are the same, in deference to the implicit assumption that processing of depth information occurs only after the visual processing of contour information is completed. But there are theoretical reasons and some data suggesting that the interactions among contours depend critically upon their relative positions in depth—interactions may not occur if the stimulus elements occupy different depth positions. The extent to which the metacontrast form of visual masking is dependent upon depth position was investigated in a series of experiments that used stereoscopic contours formed from random-element stereograms as test and mask stimuli. The random-element stereogram generation system permitted large variations in depth to be made without introducing confounding changes in proximal stimulation. The main results are 1) separation of test and mask stimuli in depth substantially reduces masking, and 2) when more than one stimulus is in visual space the stimulus that either appears first or appears closer to the observer receives preferential processing by the visual system.

Colour Constancy, Categories, and Spectral Sensitivity

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 88-88
Author(s):  
J J Kulikowski ◽  
Z Al-Attar ◽  
H Vaitkevicius
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Colour Constancy ◽  
Dominant Wavelength ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity Function

Colour constancy is a multi-stage process whose receptoral and post-receptoral components have been separated by electrophysiological and behavioral studies. A psychophysical study was conducted to determine contributions of the visual processing stage which extracts information about colour categories, and to relate the results to the spectral sensitivity of the chromatic opponent system. Changes in colour appearance with illumination were investigated by using free-viewing and a successive matching method for 40 Munsell hues (saturations: 8 and 4). Subjects were adapted to standard illuminant C and briefly inspected a test chip under a variable illuminant A (tungsten) or g (green). Using criteria similar to those for unique hues, subjects specified ‘typical hues’ under illuminant C: red, yellow, green, blue, and violet (yellow should not contain red or green, green should not contain yellow or blue, etc). For each hue and saturation a dominant wavelength was computed. The degree of colour constancy was then established for all subjects (examined in three series of experiments), all Munsell chips and illuminations, as a one-dimensional Brunswick ratio, BR. The BR was determined by using u‘ v’ coordinates as related to the ratio of perceptual to physical colour changes: BR=1-perceptual/physical. BR was highest for typical (not intermediate) hues and lowest for hues resembling variable illuminants. The BR as a function of dominant wavelength resembles the spectral sensitivity function of chromatic opponency. These findings are interpreted as contributions of high-order opponent interactions to colour constancy.

Linking Neuronal Direction Selectivity to Perceptual Decisions About Visual Motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-362
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pasternak ◽  
Duje Tadin
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Selective Activity

Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies of responses to visual motion have converged on a consistent set of general principles that characterize visual processing of motion information. Both types of approaches have shown that the direction and speed of target motion are among the most important encoded stimulus properties, revealing many parallels between psychophysical and physiological responses to motion. Motivated by these parallels, this review focuses largely on more direct links between the key feature of the neuronal response to motion, direction selectivity, and its utilization in memory-guided perceptual decisions. These links were established during neuronal recordings in monkeys performing direction discriminations, but also by examining perceptual effects of widespread elimination of cortical direction selectivity produced by motion deprivation during development. Other approaches, such as microstimulation and lesions, have documented the importance of direction-selective activity in the areas that are active during memory-guided direction comparisons, area MT and the prefrontal cortex, revealing their likely interactions during behavioral tasks.

scholarly journals Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Sugita ◽  
Haruka Yamamoto ◽  
Yamato Maeda ◽  
Takahisa Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Optokinetic Responses

The decline in visual function due to normal aging impacts various aspects of our daily lives. Previous reports suggest that the aging retina exhibits mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals and reduced amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in mice. These abnormalities are thought to contribute to age-related visual impairment; however, the extent to which visual function is impaired by aging at the organismal level is unclear. In the present study, we focus on the age-related changes of the optokinetic responses (OKRs) in visual processing. Moreover, we investigated the initial and late phases of the OKRs in young adult (2–3 months old) and aging mice (21–24 months old). The initial phase was evaluated by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of OKRs using sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies (SFs) and moving at various temporal frequencies (TFs) for 0.5 s. The aging mice exhibited initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning that was slightly different from those in young adult mice. The late-phase OKRs were investigated by measuring the slow-phase velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus evoked by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that optimal SF and TF in the normal aging mice are both reduced compared with those in young adult mice. In addition, we measured the OKRs of 4.1G-null (4.1G–/–) mice, in which mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals is observed even at the young adult stage. We found that the late phase OKR was significantly impaired in 4.1G–/– mice, which exhibit significantly reduced SF and TF compared with control mice. These OKR abnormalities observed in 4.1G–/– mice resemble the abnormalities found in normal aging mice. This finding suggests that these mice can be useful mouse models for studying the aging of the retinal tissue and declining visual function. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that normal aging deteriorates to visual motion processing for both the initial and late phases of OKRs. Moreover, it implies that the abnormalities of the visual function in the normal aging mice are at least partly due to mislocalization of photoreceptor synapses.

scholarly journals MT Neurons Combine Visual Motion with a Smooth Eye Movement Signal to Code Depth-Sign from Motion Parallax

Neuron ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob W. Nadler ◽  
Mark Nawrot ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki ◽  
Gregory C. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Mt Neurons
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document