Gender, Sexuality, and Psychological Theories of Youth Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra R. Homick ◽  
Lisa F. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Erik Erikson ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Stage Models ◽  
Minority Identity ◽  
And Gender

Gender and sexual identity play a significant role in the lives of developing youth. The developments of gender and sexual identities are shaped by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, biological, cognitive, and social elements. It is crucial to consider that gender and sexual minority individuals face additional complexities in the two processes of gender identity and sexual identity development. Cisgender identity development is most commonly understood with the help of early cognitive and social theories, although biological components play a part as well. Specifically, the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, Sandra Bem, Alfred Bandura, and David Buss have made significant contributions to the understanding of cisgender identity development. Modern transgender identity development models are helpful in exploring transgender identity formation with the most popular being the Transgender Emergence Model founded by Arlene Lev. Similar to cisgender identity development, heterosexual identity development is typically understood with the help of early psychosocial theories, namely that of Erik Erikson. Sexual minority identity development is often comprehended using stage models and life-span models. Sexual minority stage models build off the work of Erik Erikson, with one of the most popular being the Cass Model of Gay and Lesbian Identity Development. Offering more flexibility than stage models and allowing for fluid sexual identity, life-span models, like the D’Augelli model, are often more popular choices for modern exploration of sexual minority identity development. As both sexual and gender identity spectrums are continuing to expand, there also comes a need for an exploration of the relationship between sexual and gender identity development, particularly among sexual minority populations.

A Bayesian approach for parameter estimation in multi-stage models

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2459-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoa Pham ◽  
Darfiana Nur ◽  
Huong T. T. Pham ◽  
Alan Branford
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Stage Models ◽  
Multi Stage

scholarly journals A machine learning based two-stage clinical decision support system for predicting patients’ discontinuation from opioid use disorder treatment: retrospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Gary J. Young ◽  
Jiesheng Shi ◽  
Prathamesh Mohite ◽  
Leonard D. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Treatment Discontinuation ◽  
Discriminative Power ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Stage Models ◽  
C Statistic ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Buprenorphine is a widely used treatment option for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Premature discontinuation from this treatment has many negative health and societal consequences. Objective To develop and evaluate a machine learning based two-stage clinical decision-making framework for predicting which patients will discontinue OUD treatment within less than a year. The proposed framework performs such prediction in two stages: (i) at the time of initiating the treatment, and (ii) after two/three months following treatment initiation. Methods For this retrospective observational analysis, we utilized Massachusetts All Payer Claims Data (MA APCD) from the year 2013 to 2015. Study sample included 5190 patients who were commercially insured, initiated buprenorphine treatment between January and December 2014, and did not have any buprenorphine prescription at least one year prior to the date of treatment initiation in 2014. Treatment discontinuation was defined as at least two consecutive months without a prescription for buprenorphine. Six machine learning models (i.e., logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, extreme-gradient boosting, support vector machine, and artificial neural network) were tested using a five-fold cross validation on the input data. The first-stage models used patients’ demographic information. The second-stage models included information on medication adherence during the early phase of treatment based on the proportion of days covered (PDC) measure. Results A substantial percentage of patients (48.7%) who started on buprenorphine discontinued the treatment within one year. The area under receiving operating characteristic curve (C-statistic) for the first stage models varied within a range of 0.55 to 0.59. The inclusion of knowledge regarding patients’ adherence at the early treatment phase in terms of two-months and three-months PDC resulted in a statistically significant increase in the models’ discriminative power (p-value < 0.001) based on the C-statistic. We also constructed interpretable decision classification rules using the decision tree model. Conclusion Machine learning models can predict which patients are most at-risk of premature treatment discontinuation with reasonable discriminative power. The proposed machine learning framework can be used as a tool to help inform a clinical decision support system following further validation. This can potentially help prescribers allocate limited healthcare resources optimally among different groups of patients based on their vulnerability to treatment discontinuation and design personalized support systems for improving patients’ long-term adherence to OUD treatment.

Born Global Market Dominators and Implications for the Blockchain Avantgarde

2018 ◽  
pp. 86-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Wurster ◽  
Moritz Böhmecke-Schwafert ◽  
Frank Hofmann ◽  
Knut Blind
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Born Global ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Business Press ◽  
Stage Models ◽  
Standards Wars ◽  
Empirical Analyses

Issues of dominance in the market place, “standards wars,” and “battles for dominance” between large companies are frequently addressed by researchers and the business press alike. The existence of companies that could establish internationally dominant solutions to customers' problems within a few years after their founding is quite unknown and the reasons for their success are hardly investigated so far. Therefore, they are not covered by traditional stage models for the establishment of dominant solutions. Presenting 22 cases and a new success factors model, this chapter shows how young companies can successfully establish their technologies as dominant solutions in the global market. Based on the studies' result, the authors then have a look at the groundbreaking IT invention of blockchain that is expected to disrupt many industries. The most prevalent success factors of the study are discussed along with the current blockchain innovation system. Their degree of significance for the success of international blockchain innovators is hypothesised for further empirical analyses.

Rationale and Benefits of Using Play Therapy and Expressive Art Techniques in Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Priscilla Rose Prasath ◽  
Lori Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Play Therapy ◽  
Expressive Arts ◽  
Supervisory Relationship ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
Stage Models ◽  
Therapy Strategies ◽  
Supervision Strategies ◽  
Art Techniques

In this chapter, the authors describe creative supervision using play therapy and expressive arts modalities that offer a need driven alternative to the traditional supervisor-driven stage models of supervision. Play therapy and expressive arts supervision strategies are effective at increasing supervisee's awareness of self and others, supporting “out-of-the-box” thinking, opening supervisees' to their own strengths and intuition, and enhancing the supervisory relationship. In an attempt to illustrate the rationale and benefits of using play therapy strategies and expressive arts techniques in supervision, descriptions of various techniques are presented with examples, followed by a discussion on ethical and cultural considerations.

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