Determination of Total, Divided and Regional Tubular Clearance and Excretion by Compartmental Analysis of Camera Renograms

2015 ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Wolf ◽  
G. Buttermann ◽  
H. W. Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Analysis

scholarly journals Estimate of FDG Excretion by means of Compartmental Analysis and Ant Colony Optimization of Nuclear Medicine Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Garbarino ◽  
Giacomo Caviglia ◽  
Massimo Brignone ◽  
Michela Massollo ◽  
Gianmario Sambuceti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony Optimization ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Glycolytic Activity

[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is one of the most utilized tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) applications in oncology. FDG-PET relies on higher glycolytic activity in tumors compared to normal structures as the basis of image contrast. As a glucose analog, FDG is transported into malignant cells which typically exhibit an increased radioactivity. However, different from glucose, FDG is not reabsorbed by the renal system and is excreted to the bladder. The present paper describes a novel computational method for the quantitative assessment of this excretion process. The method is based on a compartmental analysis of FDG-PET data in which the excretion process is explicitly accounted for by the bladder compartment and on the application of an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for the determination of the tracer coefficients describing the FDG transport effectiveness. The validation of this approach is performed by means of both synthetic data and real measurements acquired by a PET device for small animals (micro-PET). Possible oncological applications of the results are discussed in the final section.

An LC-MS/MS method for determination of triple drugs combination of valsartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma for bioequivalence study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Said ◽  
Basel Arafat ◽  
Tawfiq Arafat ◽  
Eyad Mallah
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bioequivalence Study ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Combination Tablet ◽  
Long Term Storage

Background: Current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension recommends the combination therapy which should control of blood pressure and enhance cardiovascular protection. Materials and Methods: A sensitive, reliable and selective tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for simultaneous quantification of amlodipine (AML), valsartan (VAL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma. The chromatographic system was equipped with ACE 5 C8 (50 X 2.1 mm) column and utilized a mobile phase composition of 0.5 mM Ammonium Chloride & 0.04% FA-Methanol (45:55% v/v). The method used three internal standards; AML-D4,HCTZ-D2 C13 and VAL-D3 with 10% intra- and inter-day precision, 6% bias for all the analytes. Results: The assay found to be linear with R¬2 > 0.998, the limits of quantification for AML, VAL and HCTZ were 0.2, 50.0 and 2.0 ng/mL respectively. The analytes were found to be stable in plasma samples over short and long term storage. : The developed method is rapid with a run time of 3.5 min and cost effective since simple sample preparation method is adopted. The developed method was successfully applied for bioequivalence study determination of AML, VAL, and HCTZ in human plasma after administration of fixed-dose combination tablet of (10/160/25 mg). Pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and AUC0-72) for AML and (Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞) for VAL and HCTZ was used for bioequivalence assessment. These were determined by using non-compartmental analysis from concentration data. Conclusion: The result showed 90% confidence intervals (obtained by ANOVA) were within the predefined ranges. As consequence, this method can be successfully applied for measuring and quantifying large number of samples.

scholarly journals Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of two tylosin formulations in chickens after oral administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
EHAB A ABU-BASHA ◽  
AHMAD F. AL-SHUNNAQ ◽  
RONETTE GEHRING
Keyword(s):  
Dose Level ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Group 3

The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of two tylosin formulations was carried out in broiler chickens according to a single dose, randomized, parallel design. The two formulations of tylosin (Tylosina® and Tylan®) were given orally at a dose level of 25 mg/kg b.w. after an overnight fasting (n=15 chicken/group). To calculate tylosin bioavailability, fifteen more chickens was assigned as group 3 and was given a single intravenous dose of tylosin (25 mg/kg b.w.). Serial blood samples were collected at different time points up to 24 hour post-drug  administration. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the determination of tylosin concentrations in chicken plasma. The pharmacokinetics analysis of the data was performed using non-compartmental analysis based on statistical moment theory with the help of commercially available software (WinNonlin®, Pharsight Corporation, Cary, NC, USA). There were no significant differences in the Cmax (3.05±0.63, 2.63±0.74 μg/ml), tmax (2.36±0.42, 2.30±0.38 h), t1/2β (1.99±0.38, 2.67±0.60 h), AUC0-12h (6.11±0.97, 5.37±1.16 μg.h/ml), AUC0-∞ (6.38±0.94, 5.57±1.15 μg.h/ml), MRT (3.53±0.24, 3.67±0.32 h), ClB/F (90.59±13.81,  169.38±54.44 ml/min/kg) and Vdz/F (16.85±4.74, 43.96±18.24 l/kg) between Tylosina® and Tylan®, respectively. The calculated oral bioavailability (F) for Tylosina® and Tylan® were 40.56 and 35.41%, respectively. Moreover, the relative bioavailability of  Tylosina® was 113.9% when compared to Tylan®. In conclusion, Tylosina® is comparable to Tylan® and both formulations can be used for treatment of susceptible microorganisms in veterinary medicine practice at a dose level of 25 mg/kg b.w.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic - pharmacodynamic model and ampicillin residue depletion after intramammary administration in cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Burmańczuk ◽  
Zbigniew Roliński ◽  
Cezary Kowalski ◽  
Rafał Zań
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Residue Depletion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach for determination of a rational dosage of ampicillin (AMP) and depletion of the antibiotic residues in milk after intramammary administration to cows. Material and Methods: The cows came from different farms from the Lublin Province area. They (n = 9) received 5 g of the drug, containing 75 mg of AMP sodium in physiological solution, through a syringe tube by intramammary administration. Following single intramammary administration, the milk samples (5 mL) were collected after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the Agilent 1200 system connected to an AB Sciex API 4000™ mass spectrometer. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the concentrations of the antibiotic in milk was performed using software Phoenix® WinNonlin® 6.4. Calculations were made in non-compartmental (slopes, highest, amounts, and moments) and compartmental analysis. Results: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of AMP after intramammary administration indicate rapid elimination of the drug from milk. The mean residence time had a several-fold lower value than the designated elimination half-life and amounts to only 3.4 h. The concentration of the drug in the milk dropped relatively quickly and the process was very dynamic. Conclusion: The conducted research confirms the rationale of using the PK/PD model in order to verify the dosing regimen for other antibiotic groups and various indicators of the applied PK/PD model.

scholarly journals Differential Pressure, P_D, Capital Parameter in the Determination of Cardiac Health and Prominent Kinetic Indicator of Drugs in the Blood

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
A. B. Kunyima ◽  
P. L. Kunyima
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Cardiac Health ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Differential Enthalpy ◽  
Heart Blood

Background: this work is a suite of previous articles where it has been demonstrated that if the differential pressure remains constant, it allows when it is multiplied by cardiac frequency to determine the volumic cardiac power (KUNYIMA equation). Also it has afforded to calculate differential enthalpy (  that is exothermic energy in ejection fraction. In KUNYIMA Formula the differential pressure has allowed to assess in satisfactory way one part of total energy from cellular metabolism (Keith-Flack node) which enable the heart blood to circulate in the organism. In KUNYIMA relations,  made possible the calculation of cardiac exergetic yield nowadays unrecognized by researchers, different from volumic yield defined by ejection fraction. This cardiac exergetic yield has been assimilated to the heart longevity. Aim and objective: this work gives in detail mathematical useful expressions, rational approaches to be followed when differential pressure substantially changes, for example when the blood contains an injected drug at  initial concentration and when the kinetic of this drug should be followed. Methodology: Calculations have been our methodology using compartmental analysis. Results: It is shown hereby the use of differential equations in the determination of kinetic parameters Conclusion: Physical Cardiochemistry is improved with new theory.

Galactic orbits of stars

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Richard Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Globular Cluster ◽  
Potential Field ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Velocity Vector ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 549-554
Author(s):  
Nino Panagia
Keyword(s):  
Angular Size ◽  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Distance Modulus ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

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