Changing Views of the Role of the Hypothalamus in the Control of Ingestive Behaviors

2015 ◽  
pp. 268-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Mogenson
Keyword(s):  
Ingestive Behaviors

Lateral parabrachial lesions attenuate ingestive effects of area postrema lesions

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. R306-R312 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Edwards ◽  
R. C. Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors

Lesions of the area postrema and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (AP lesions) cause rats to consume increased amounts of palatable food in short duration tests. Because the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) receives a prominent afferent projection from the AP and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract, it is possible the lPBN plays a role in the altered ingestive behaviors observed in AP-lesioned rats. The present study examines the role of the lPBN in overingestion of highly palatable foods subsequent to AP lesions. We found that lesions of the lPBN alone did not cause rats to consume increased amounts of palatable food. Rather, when lPBN lesions were produced before AP lesions, increased intake of highly palatable food did not occur. Moreover, when AP-lesioned rats received subsequent lPBN lesions, the previously established overingestion of palatable foods was abolished. These results indicate that the lPBN is necessary in the pathogenesis of AP lesion-induced overingestion of highly palatable foods.

Fourth ventricle bombesin injection suppresses ingestive behaviors in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. R590-R596 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
Intact Rats

Food intake after fourth intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of bombesin (BBS) was measured in intact rats. BBS injections (greater than or equal to 10 ng) reliably suppressed chow intake in 17-h food-deprived rats. Systemic injections of BBS (50 ng) had no effect on food intake. These data indicate that BBS can act directly on caudal brain stem site(s) to inhibit food intake. The behavioral specificity of fourth icv BBS was evaluated by measuring the effects of fourth icv BBS injection on water intake by 17-h water-deprived rats in the presence and absence of food. Fourth icv injections of BBS in doses greater than 10 ng suppressed 30-min and 2-h water intake relative to saline injection when food was available in the home cage. In contrast, when food was not present during the 2-h intake test, fourth icv injections of BBS had no effect on water intake. This suggests that the inhibition of water intake was secondary to the effects of BBS on food intake. Lastly, sucrose (0.1 M) was paired with fourth icv BBS (50 ng), fourth icv saline, and intraperitoneal LiCl (1.5 meq/kg) in three groups of naive rats, and sucrose preference was subsequently measured. Rats that received injections of either saline or BBS preferred sucrose during the 24-h two-bottle test, and their preference ratios were significantly greater than those of the LiCl-injected rats. The role of afferent signals elicited by fourth ventricle BBS administration in the control of food intake is discussed.

Differential role of melanocortins in mediating leptin's central effects on feeding and reproduction

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. R50-R59 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Hohmann ◽  
Thomas H. Teal ◽  
Donald K. Clifton ◽  
James Davis ◽  
Victor J. Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reproductive Endocrine ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injections ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Leptin serves as a humoral link coupling the status of energy reserves to the functional activity of the reproductive system. Leptin is thought to act through melanocortinergic pathways in the brain to regulate ingestive behaviors; however, whether melanocortins mediate leptin's actions on the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis is unknown. We tested this hypothesis first by determining whether the effects of leptin on feeding behavior and reproduction in the ob/ob mouse could be blocked by the melanocortin receptor (MC-R) antagonist SHU9119 and second, by examining the effects of the MC-R agonist MTII on feeding and the endocrine-reproductive system. Administered by intracerebroventricular injections, leptin inhibited food intake, raised plasma gonadotropin levels, and increased seminal vesicle weights compared with controls; SHU9119 (intracerebroventricularly) attenuated leptin's effects on food intake and body weight but did not alter leptin's stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis. MTII (intracerebroventricularly and intraperitoneally) decreased food intake and increased body temperature compared with controls but had no effect on the reproductive-endocrine axis. These results suggest that although leptin acts centrally through melanocortinergic pathways to inhibit ingestive behaviors and stimulate metabolism, leptin's activational effect on the reproductive axis is likely to be mediated by other, unknown neuroendocrine circuits.

Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rat

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. R599-R609 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morley ◽  
A. S. Levine ◽  
B. A. Gosnell ◽  
J. Kneip ◽  
M. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent stimulator of food and water intake in rats. NPY still increases food intake even after a 2-h delay in access to food after central injection. When two injections of NPY are given 2 h apart, the second injection produced a substantial increase in food intake. This suggests that tolerance to the NPY effect does not develop after a single injection of NPY. NPY increases moving and exploration in the absence of food when rats are in their home environment but not when tested in a novel environment. Following administration of NPY, rats preferred a high-carbohydrate diet over a high-fat or high-protein diet. Microinjections of NPY showed that active sites included the anterior ventromedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the posterior lateral hypothalamus. NPY was neither additive nor synergistic when coadministered with norepinephrine. Whereas norepinephrine-induced feeding was inhibited by adrenalectomy and vagotomy, these maneuvers had no effect on NPY-induced food intake. This provides further evidence that NPY does not exert its effects on food intake through an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. The effects of NPY on food intake were attenuated by peripherally administered bombesin and centrally administered corticotropin-releasing factor and calcitonin. Cholecystokinin failed to inhibit NPY-induced feeding. NPY did not alter circulating glucose levels. These studies provide further insights into the role of NPY as a stimulator of ingestive behaviors.

Serotonergic control of ingestive and post-ingestive behaviors in pigeons (Columba livia): The role of 5-HT1A receptor-mediated central mechanisms

2013 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 118-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Ademar Hoeller ◽  
Tiago Souza dos Santos ◽  
Renato Rodrigo Bruxel ◽  
Anderson Roberto Dallazen ◽  
Henrique Tomaz do Amaral Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Columba Livia ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors

New Lessons From Knockout Mice: The Role of Serotonin During Development and Its Possible Contribution to the Origins of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 572-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay A. Gingrich ◽  
Mark S. Ansorge ◽  
Robert Merker ◽  
Noelia Weisstaub ◽  
Mingming Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Anxiety Depression

ABSTRACTSerotonin (5-HT) modulates numerous processes in the central nervous system that are relevant to neuropsychiatric function and dysfunction. It exerts significant effects on anxiety, mood, impulsivity, sleep, ingestive behaviors, reward systems, and psychosis. Serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions but efforts to more clearly understand the mechanisms of this influence have been hampered by the complexity of this system at the receptor level. There are at least 14 distinct receptors that mediate the effects of 5-HT as well as several enzymes that control its synthesis and metabolism. Pharmacologic agents that target specific receptors have provided clues regarding the function of these receptors in the adult brain. 5-HT is also an important modulator of neural development and several groups have employed a genetic strategy to ablate specific components of the 5-HT system in order to understand the role of different serotonergic in development of brain systems relevant to behavior. Several inactivation mutations of specific 5-HT receptors have been generated producing interesting behavioral phenotypes related to anxiety, depression, drug abuse, psychosis, and cognition. In many cases, knockout mice have been used to confirm what has already been suspected based on pharmacologic studies. In other instances, mutations have demonstrated new functions of serotonergic genes in development and behavior.

scholarly journals Rapid shift in substrate utilization driven by hypothalamic Agrp neurons

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque ◽  
Marcelo R. Zimmer ◽  
Jeremy Bober ◽  
Marcelo O. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Metabolism Regulation ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
Peripheral Metabolism ◽  
Rapid Shift ◽  
Mediate Metabolism

AbstractAgrp neurons drive feeding. To what extend these neurons participate in the regulation of other homeostatic processes is not well understood. We investigated the role of Agrp neurons in substrate utilization in mice. Activation of Agrp neurons was sufficient to rapidly increase RER and carbohydrate utilization, while decreasing fat utilization. These metabolic changes were linearly correlated with carbohydrates ingested, but not protein or fat ingestion. However, even in the absence of ingestive behaviors, activation of Agrp neurons led to changes in substrate utilization in well-fed mice. These effects were coupled to metabolic shifts towards lipogenesis. Inhibition of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) blunted the effects of Agrp neurons on substrate utilization. Finally, Agrp neurons controlled peripheral metabolism, but not food intake, via ß3-adrenergic receptor signaling in fat tissues. These results reveal a novel component of Agrp neuron-mediate metabolism regulation that involves sympathetic activity on fat compartments to shift metabolism towards lipogenesis.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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